Petrology and geochemistry of eclogite xenoliths from the Rietfontein kimberlite,Northern Cape,South Africa     

C. M. Appleyard  D. R. Bell  A. P. le Roex 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(3):309-333

Petrographic and geochemical features of a suite of eclogite xenoliths from the Rietfontein kimberlite that erupted through probable Proterozoic crust west of the Kaapvaal Craton in the far Northern Cape region of South Africa, are described. Group II eclogites dominate the suite both texturally and chemically, but can be subdivided into bimineralic, opx-bearing and kyanite-bearing groups. Temperature estimates from different geothermometers range from 700 to 1,000°C, indicating derivation from relatively shallow mantle depths. Orthopyroxene-bearing eclogites are inferred to originate from depths of 85 to 115 km and lie close to the average cratonic thermal profile for southern Africa. These uppermost mantle temperatures during the late Cretaceous provide evidence for equilibration of the off-craton lithosphere to craton-like thermal conditions following Namaqua-Natal orogenesis. The kyanite eclogites are distinct from the remaining eclogites in terms of both major and trace element compositions and their lesser degree of alteration. Garnets are richer in Ca, and are Cr-depleted relative to garnets from the bimineralic and opx-bearing eclogites, which tend to be more magnesian. Clinopyroxenes from the kyanite eclogites are more sodic, with higher Al₂O₃ and lower MgO contents than the bimineralic and opx-bearing eclogites. LREE-depletion, positive Sr and Eu anomalies, and the Al-rich, Si-poor bulk composition suggest a plagioclase-rich, probably troctolitic protolith for the kyanite eclogites. In contrast, the major and trace element bulk compositions of the high-MgO bimineralic and orthopyroxene-bearing eclogites are consistent with gabbroic or pyroxenitic precursors, or high-pressure cumulates, rather than mafic to ultramafic lavas. δ¹⁸O values for garnets do not deviate significantly from typical mantle values. The observations reported do not discriminate unambiguously between continental and oceanic origins for the various eclogite components in the mantle lithosphere of this region.  相似文献   

Morphologies and emplacement mechanisms of the lava flows of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group,Faroe Islands,NE Atlantic Ocean     

Simon R. Passey  Brian R. Bell 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,70(2):139-156

The Palaeogene Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) comprises three eruptive sequences or formations, all emplaced into a subaerial environment during the development of the extensive continental flood basalt province that stretches from East Greenland through the Faroe Islands and into the Faroe-Shetland Basin. The Beinisvørð Formation, having a tabular-classic facies architecture, is composed of a sequence of simple flows each comprising a single sheet lobe. The Beinisvørð Formation is overlain by the distinctly contrasting Malinstindur Formation that has a compound-braided facies architecture. The Enni Formation occurs at the top of the sequence and consists of a mixture of simple and compound flows with tabular-classic and compound-braided facies architectures, respectively. Surface and internal characteristics of the sheet lobes of the Beinisvørð and Enni formations indicate emplacement through inflation, which is more obvious for the tube-fed compound flows of the Malinstindur and Enni formations. The difference between the simple and compound flow sequences of the FIBG is, most likely, linked to the manner in which the lava was supplied during the eruption and the eruptive style of the volcanic system. The sheet lobes were erupted over laterally extensive areas from fissure systems which had a continuous supply of lava, which contrasts with the tube-fed compound flows which were erupted in a gradual, piecemeal manner from point-sourced, low shield volcanoes with limited areal extents.  相似文献   

Stone: Building stone, rock fill and armourstone in construction, by M.R. Smith (Ed.). The Geological Society, London, UK, no 16, 1999. Hard cover, xx+478 pp. Price US$148. ISBN 1-86239-02-90     

F. G. Bell   《Engineering Geology》2001,62(4)

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Measurements of stratospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) from groudbased FTIR observations     

W. Bell  C. Paton-Walsh  T. D. Gardiner  P. T. Woods  N. R. Swann  N. A. Martin  L. Donohoe  M. P. Chipperfield 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,24(3):285-297

Infrared absorption features due to ClO in the lower stratosphere have been identified from groundbased solar absorption spectra taken from Aberdeen, U.K. (57° N, 2° W) on 20 January 1995. A vertical column abundance of 3.42 (±0.47)×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 has been derived from 13 independent absorption features in the P and R branches of the (0–1) vibration-rotation band of ³⁵ClO, spanning the spectral region 817–855 cm^-1. The observed absorption features are consistent with very high levels of ClO (approximately 2.6 parts per billion by volume (ppbv)) in the altitude range 16–22 km. A comparison of this profile with a 3D chemical transport model profile indicates the observation was made inside the polar vortex and shows good qualitative agreement but the model underestimates the concentrations of ClO. Simultaneous measurements of other species were made including HCl, HF and ClONO₂. These columns yield a value for HCl+ClONO₂+ClO of 7.02±0.65×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2. This is lower than the total inorganic chlorine (ClO _y ) column of 10.7±1.6×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 estimated from mean measured (HCl+ClONO₂)/HF ratios together with in-vortex HF measurements. The discrepancy is probably due to significant amounts of the ClO dimer (Cl₂O₂) in the lower part of the stratosphere. The measurements of highly elevated levels of ClO are used to estimate O₃ loss rates at the 400, 475 and 550 K levels making assumptions about the probable distribution of ClO and Cl₂O₂. These are compared with loss rates derived from ozone sonde data.  相似文献   

An engineering geological appraisal of the sandstones of the Clarens Formation,Lesotho, in relation to tunnelling     

D. J. Castro  F. G. Bell 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1995,13(3):117-142

Summary The Delivery Tunnel South forms part of a system of tunnels for conveying water from Lesotho to South Africa. The tunnel was excavated primarily by tunnel boring machine in the sandstones of the Clarens Formation. These sandstones are uniformly graded and fine grained with quartz being the most abundant mineral. They are mostly of aeolian origin. Their unconfined compressive strength varies appreciably, from moderately strong to extremely strong. The boreability of the sandstones was investigated by the Norwegian Institute of Technology tests and the total hardness. These tests showed that these sandstones would be relatively easy to bore, although moderately abrasive. The prediction proved correct. In fact, excavation of the tunnel was completed 20 months ahead of schedule, the rock conditions being better than expected. The long-term durability of these sandstones was investigated to establish criteria for concrete lining of the tunnel. A series of tests were undertaken to evaluate the durability. These included a number of soaking tests using different fluid media, wet and dry testing, erosion tests and brushing tests. This testing programme suggested that concrete lining of the intact sandstone was probably only required where the strength of the sandstone was less than 20 MPa and that therefore only a small percentage of the tunnel need be lined.  相似文献   

Optical and chemical analysis of iron in Luna 20 plagioclase     

P.M. Bell  H.K. Mao 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(4):755-759

The iron content of Luna 20 anorthitic plagioclase ranges from a few hundredths to a few tenths of a weight per cent from crystal to crystal. Rather than being related to the original composition of the parent magma or magmas, the optical and chemical properties of the iron appear to be caused by postcrystallization migration and exsolution.Oriented inclusions of iron alloy present as needle-like crystals are observed, and the host plagioclases are irregularly chemically zoned in iron. It is not known whether thermal metamorphism or another process of chemical reduction related to impact and shock is responsible for the observed phenomena. Postcrystallization effects may obscure evidence of the original oxidation state and iron concentration of these crystals.  相似文献   

Detection of Temperature-Dependent Spectral Variation on the Asteroid Eros and New Evidence for the Presence of an Olivine-Rich Silicate Assemblage     

Paul G. LuceyJohn Hinrichs  Mary KellyDennis Wellnitz  Noam IzenbergScott Murchie  Mark RobinsonBeth E. Clark  James F. Bell III 《Icarus》2002,155(1):181-188

Data obtained by the near-infrared spectrometer carried by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft show that the spectral properties of the asteroid Eros vary with temperature. The manner in which they vary demonstrates that the mineral olivine is a major constituent of the surface. The near-IR temperature-dependent spectral properties of Eros in the northern hemisphere, and for two individual regions on the surface, show clear evidence of the presence of the mineral olivine and are a close match to the temperature-spectral behavior of LL-type ordinary chondrite meteorites. While the presence of other olivine-rich meteorites cannot be excluded, H-type ordinary chondrites are clearly too pyroxene-rich to be permitted as a major surface component of Eros. The results of the thermal-spectral analysis are consistent with results from analysis of conventional reflectance spectra of the asteroid and contribute unambiguous detection of olivine to the understanding of the surface composition of Eros.  相似文献   

Infrared Spectroscopy from San Fernando Observatory: He I 1083 nm, O I 1316 nm, and Fe I 1565 nm     

M.J. Penn  J.A. Ceja  E. Bell  G. Frye  R. Linck 《Solar physics》2002,205(1):53-61

Imaging spectroscopy of the Sun was carried out at the California State University Northridge San Fernando Observatory using an InGaAs near-IR video camera. Using the Sii 1082.71 nm and Hei 1083.03 nm lines the Evershed effect is measured simultaneously in the photosphere and the chromosphere for three sunspots; the speed of the Evershed flow is measured to be between 3 to 8 times greater in the Hei line than in the Sii line, and the direction is radially inward in the chromosphere and outward in the photosphere. Telluric absorption lines prevented a meaningful measurement of Oi 1128.7 nm limb emission, but an upper limit of 20×10^–3 B is measured for chromospheric limb emission at Oi 1316.3 nm. Zeeman splitting in Fei 1564.9 nm was observed in six sunspot umbrae, and a linear relationship between magnetic field and umbral continuum intensity is confirmed.  相似文献   

Ionospheric measurements of relative coronal brightness during the total solar eclipses of 11 August, 1999 and 9 July, 1945     

C. J. Davis  M. Lockwood  S. A. Bell  J. A. Smith  E. M. Clarke 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(2):182-190

Swept-frequency (1/10 MHz) ionosonde measurements were made at Helston, Cornwall (50°06N, 5°18W) during the total solar eclipse on August 11, 1999. Soundings were made every three minutes. We present a method for estimating the percentage of the ionising solar radiation which remains unobscured at any time during the eclipse by comparing the variation of the ionospheric E-layer with the behaviour of the layer during a control day. Application to the ionosonde date for 11 August, 1999, shows that the flux of solar ionising radiation fell to a minimum of 25±2% of the value before and after the eclipse. For comparison, the same technique was also applied to measurements made during the total solar eclipse of 9 July, 1945, at Sörmjöle (63°68N, 20°20E) and yielded a corresponding minimum of 16 ± 2%. Therefore the method can detect variations in the fraction of solar emissions that originate from the unobscured corona and chromosphere. We discuss the differences between these two eclipses in terms of the nature of the eclipse, short-term fluctuations, the sunspot cycle and the recently-discovered long-term change in the coronal magnetic field.  相似文献   

Skolithos pipes as strain markers in mylonites     

P. Wilkinson  N.J. Soper  A.M. Bell 《Tectonophysics》1975,28(3):143-157

It is argued that mylonite zones result from translatory movements between rock masses and that the deformation mechanism is one of simple shear. Evidence is adduced to show that the mylonite zones in the Moine Thrust Belt of northwestern Scotland were developed in association with the inverted limbs of early Caledonian folds which trend parallel to the thrust front. On this basis a method is developed for the determination of shear strain from parameters which can be measured in mylonites which contain deformed Skolithos worm burrows. Very large strains are indicated (γ - 10). Some general implications are discussed.  相似文献