Hydro-economic models: Concepts, design, applications, and future prospects   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Julien J. Harou  Manuel Pulido-Velazquez  David E. Rosenberg  Josu Medellín-Azuara  Jay R. Lund  Richard E. Howitt 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):627-643

Future water management will shift from building new water supply systems to better operating existing ones. The variation of water values in time and space will increasingly motivate efforts to address water scarcity and reduce water conflicts. Hydro-economic models represent spatially distributed water resource systems, infrastructure, management options and economic values in an integrated manner. In these tools water allocations and management are either driven by the economic value of water or economically evaluated to provide policy insights and reveal opportunities for better management. A central concept is that water demands are not fixed requirements but rather functions where quantities of water use at different times have varying total and marginal economic values. This paper reviews techniques to characterize the economic value of water use and include such values in mathematical models. We identify the key steps in model design and diverse problems, formulations, levels of integration, spatial and temporal scales, and solution techniques addressed and used by over 80 hydro-economic modeling efforts dating back 45-years from 23 countries. We list current limitations of the approach, suggest directions for future work, and recommend ways to improve policy relevance.  相似文献   

Distribution and seasonal fluctuations in the aquatic biodiversity of the southern Altiplano     

Marcela Mrquez-García  Irma Vila  Luis Felipe Hinojosa  Marco A. Mndez  Jos Luis Carvajal  María Catalina Sabando 《Limnologica》2009,39(4):314-318

We compared the distribution and seasonal fluctuations in the aquatic biota in relation to chemical and physical water variables in the Altiplano watersheds of the Ascotán, Carcote and Huasco salars; Chungará and Cotacotani lakes; Isluga and Lauca Rivers and the Parinacota wetland. We sampled during the austral autumn–winter of 2006 and in the spring–summer of 2006–2007, using three sampling stations for each system. We used canonical correspondence analysis to establish relations between frequency of taxa and environmental variables.We demonstrate that the structure and composition of the aquatic biota in humid areas of the Altiplano is determined by physical and chemical variables of the water. The most relevant one is total nitrogen, which is also the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton production in tropical systems.Benthos and zooplankton showed significant associations with the set of environmental variables (Monte Carlo test, p<0.05); however, the association was not significant for phytoplankton. Lake Chungará showed the greatest variation in composition and abundance of zooplankton between autumn-winter and spring-summer, while in the Huasco salar the physical and chemical characteristics were related to the composition and abundance of the benthonic fauna. Thus, changes in the water volume of these systems would have repercussions in chemical and physical variables, altering the species assemblage and possibly the efficiency and stability of ecosystem functions.  相似文献   

Effects of the largest daily events on total soil erosion by rainwater. An analysis of the USLE database     

J.C. González‐Hidalgo  M. de Luis  R. J. Batalla 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(15):2070-2077

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Subsurface formation of oxidants on Mars and implications for the preservation of organic biosignatures     

Alfonso F. Davila  Alberto G. Fairn  Luis Gago-Duport  Carol Stoker  Ricardo Amils  Rosalba Bonaccorsi  Jhony Zavaleta  Darlene Lim  Dirk Schulze-Makuch  Christopher P. McKay 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,272(1-2):456-463

Hydrogen peroxide can form through the interaction of pyrite and anoxic water. The oxidation of pyrite results in the precipitation of sulfates and iron oxides, high redox potentials (~ 1000 mV) and acidic pH (3–4). The oxidative potential of the resultant solution may be responsible for the oxidation of organic compounds, as observed in the subsurface of the Rio Tinto Mars analog. On Mars subsurface migration of groundwater interacting with volcanogenic massive pyrite deposits would have mobilized acidic and oxidizing fluids through large portions of the crust, resulting in the widespread deposition of sulfates and iron oxides. This groundwater could have leached substantial volumes of aquifer material and crustal rocks, thereby erasing any organic compounds possibly down to depths of hundreds of meters. Therefore, the preservation of organic biosignatures must have been severely constrained in the portions of the ancient Martian crust that were exposed to aqueous processes, calling for a redefinition of the future targets in the search for biomolecular traces of life on Mars.  相似文献   

Foreword     

Yuri A. Taran  Jose Luis MaciasJuan Manuel Espíndola 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

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Constraints on the structure of the Azores spreading center from gravity data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Luis  J.F.  Miranda  J.M.  Galdeano  A.  Patriat  P. 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1998,20(3):157-170

The Azores Archipelago is believed to be the site of the third arm of a Triple Junction between the Eurasia/Africa/North America plates. However, to the present no study has been able to identify its segmentation pattern, the spreading mechanism and its relationship with the well-known topographic features of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Here we present a new gravity compilation obtained with the existing National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) data, merged with new gravity profiles collected during the ESCAPE cruise in 1995. This compilation is used to calculate a Free Air Anomaly (FAA) map, which is used to test two different models, the Mantle Bouguer Anomaly model and the elastic plate model, for the study of the thermal regime of the Terceira Axis. The analysis of the results from both models demonstrates that the elastic plate model successfully models the gravity data from the Azores Plateau and that there is no gravity evidence for the existence of a spreading axis. The elastic plate thickness T_e, with a value of 7–8 km, suggests a very young lithosphere (about 10 Ma) at the time of the load of the Azores Plateau.  相似文献   

Factors determining subsidence in urbanized floodplains: evidence from MT‐InSAR in Seville (southern Spain)          下载免费PDF全文

Ana Ruiz‐Constán  Antonio M. Ruiz‐Armenteros  Jesús Galindo‐Zaldívar  Francisco Lamas‐Fernández  Joaquim João Sousa  Carlos Sanz de Galdeano  Antonio Pedrera  Sergio Martos‐Rosillo  Miguel Caro Cuenca  J. Manuel Delgado  Ramon F. Hanssen  Antonio J. Gil 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(14):2484-2497

Major rivers have traditionally been linked with important human settlements throughout history. The growth of cities over recent river deposits makes necessary the use of multidisciplinary approaches to characterize the evolution of drainage networks in urbanized areas. Since under‐consolidated fluvial sediments are especially sensitive to compaction, their spatial distribution, thickness, and mechanical behavior must be studied. Here, we report on subsidence in the city of Seville (Southern Spain) between 2003 and 2010, through the analysis of the results obtained with the Multi‐Temporal InSAR (MT‐InSAR) technique. In addition, the temporal evolution of the subsidence is correlated with the rainfall, the river water column and the piezometric level. Finally, we characterize the geotechnical parameters of the fluvial sediments and calculate the theoretical settlement in the most representative sectors. Deformation maps clearly indicate that the spatial extent of subsidence is controlled by the distribution of under‐consolidated fine‐grained fluvial sediments at heights comprised in the range of river level variation. This is clearly evident at the western margin of the river and the surroundings of its tributaries, and differs from rainfall results as consequence of the anthropic regulation of the river. On the other hand, this influence is not detected at the eastern margin due to the shallow presence of coarse‐grain consolidated sediments of different terrace levels. The derived results prove valuable for implementing urban planning strategies, and the InSAR technique can therefore be considered as a complementary tool to help unravel the subsidence tendency of cities located over under‐consolidated fluvial deposits. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geomorphological changes in an arid transgressive coastal dune field due to natural processes and human impacts          下载免费PDF全文

Antonio I. Hernández‐Cordero  Luis Hernández‐Calvento  Patrick A. Hesp  Emma Pérez‐Chacón 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(10):2167-2180

Geomorphological changes in recent decades in an arid transgressive coastal dune system (Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands) are analyzed. The methodology used is based on the generation of two geomorphological maps (1961 and 2003) by interpretation of digital orthophotos. The overlay of both maps in a geographic information system (GIS) enabled the spatial and surface changes of the landforms to be determined, and the processes that generated these changes. Twelve cultural and geomorphological processes were identified from highest to lowest importance, namely: anthropization by urban occupation (114 ha changed), stabilization (92.5 ha), barchanization (37 ha), salinization/halophytication (15 ha), anthropization (12.4 ha), deflation (11.8 ha), dune loss/beach gain (11.3 ha), dune formation (9.6 ha), progradation (8 ha), retrogradation (7.7 ha), destabilization (2.7 ha) and flooding (0.7 ha). Geomorphological changes are associated with a combination of five main factors, three of anthropogenic origin and two natural ones. The natural factors are: (1) the arid climate, which favors changes occurring at high speed; (2) the existence of a progressive sedimentary deficit. Anthropogenic factors are: (3) construction of tourist urbanizations, infrastructures and facilities; (4) installation of equipment or infrastructure on the beaches; (5) the activities carried out by users. These human factors have altered the aeolian dynamics and reduced the area occupied by vegetation in some areas, causing changes in aeolian sedimentary processes. The geomorphological processes identified can be used as indicators of environmental change, allowing us to synthesize the changes in landforms detected, and group all combinations derived from the analysis by GIS and analyze them spatially. Thus, the environmental changes in the transgressive coastal dune systems could be interpreted more effectively. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The 1531 earthquake revisited: loss estimation in a historical perspective     

Luis Sá  Antonio Morales-Esteban  Percy Durand Neyra 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(10):4533-4559

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Experimental verification of effective anisotropic crack theories in variable crack aspect ratio medium          下载免费PDF全文

Jessica P. Henriques  Jose J. S. de Figueiredo  Leo K. Santos  Daniel L. Macedo  Icaro Coutinho  Carolina B. da Silva  Alberto L. Melo  Mykel Sousa  Felipe L. Azevedo 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(1):141-156

Physical modelling of cracked/fractured media using downscaled laboratory experiments has been used with great success as a useful alternative for understanding the effect of anisotropy in the hydrocarbon reservoir characterization and in the crustal and mantle seismology. The main goal of this work was to experimentally verify the predictions of effective elastic parameters in anisotropic cracked media by Hudson and Eshelby–Cheng's effective medium models. For this purpose, we carried out ultrasonic measurements on synthetic anisotropic samples with low crack densities and different aspect ratios. Twelve samples were prepared with two different crack densities, 5% and 8%. Three samples for each crack density presented cracks with only one crack aspect ratio, whereas other three samples for each crack density presented cracks with three different aspect ratios in their composition. It results in samples with aspect ratio values varying from 0.13 to 0.26. All the cracked samples were simulated by penny‐shaped rubber inclusions in a homogeneous isotropic matrix made with epoxy resin. Moreover, an isotropic sample for reference was constructed with epoxy resin only. Regarding velocity predictions performed by the theoretical models, Eshelby–Cheng shows a better fit when compared with the experimental results for samples with single and mix crack aspect ratio (for both crack densities). From velocity values, our comparisons were also performed in terms of the ε, γ, and δ parameters (Thomsen parameters). The results show that Eshelby–Cheng effective medium model fits better with the measurements of ε and γ parameters for crack samples with only one type of crack aspect ratio.  相似文献