Modelling of coupled fluid‐mechanical problems in fractured geological media using enriched finite elements          下载免费PDF全文

Jose Roberto Silvestre  Euripedes do Amaral Vargas Jr.  Luiz Eloy Vaz  Antonio Claudio Soares 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2015,39(10):1104-1140

Geological environments, such as petroleum reservoirs, normally exhibit physical discontinuities, for example, fractures and faults. Because of the reduced thickness of these discontinuities, finite element formulations with strong discontinuity have been applied to the numerical modelling of geological environments. Until now, two relevant characteristics of petroleum reservoirs have not been addressed by these formulations. The first is the pore pressure jump in the direction normal to a discontinuity in a fluid‐mechanical coupling condition, which is present primarily in sealing faults owing to the contrast of permeability with the porous medium. The absence of this jump can affect the prediction of the deformability of a physical discontinuity. Furthermore, reservoir models frequently use coarse meshes. Thus, the method used to evaluate the pore pressure in the discontinuity may exhibit a strong dependence relative to the mesh refinement. Based on these characteristics, in this study, a formulation of an enriched finite element for application to coupled fluid‐mechanical problems with pre‐existing physical discontinuities saturated by a single fluid is presented. The formulation employs discontinuous interpolation functions and enables the reproduction of jumps of displacement and pore pressure associated with a discontinuity inside the element without the need to discretise it. An approximation to estimate the pore pressure in the discontinuity was developed, one which seeks to minimise the influence of refinement. The element's response is verified by comparison with a one‐dimensional analytical solution and simple examples that are simulated using commercial software. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Vegetation response to rainfall seasonality and interannual variability in tropical dry forests          下载免费PDF全文

Rodolfo Souza  Xue Feng  Antonio Antonino  Suzana Montenegro  Eduardo Souza  Amilcare Porporato 《水文研究》2016,30(20):3583-3595

Projected changes in rainfall seasonality and interannual variability are expected to have severe impacts on arid and semi‐arid tropical vegetation, which is characterized by a fine‐tuned adaptation to extreme rainfall seasonality. To study the response of these ecosystems and the related changes in hydrological processes to changes in the amount and seasonality of rainfall, we focused on the caatinga biome, the typical seasonally dry forest in semi‐arid Northeast Brazil. We selected four sites across a gradient of rainfall amount and seasonality and analysed daily rainfall and biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for hydrological years 2000 to 2014. Rainfall seasonal and interannual statistics were characterized by recently proposed metrics describing duration, timing and intensity of the wet season and compared to similar metrics of NDVI time series. The results show that the caatinga tends to have a more stable response with longer and less variable growing seasons (3.1 ± 0.1 months) compared to the duration wet seasons (2.0 ± 0.5 months). The ecosystem ability to buffer the interannual variability of rainfall is also evidenced by the stability in the timing of the growing season compared to the wet season, which results in variable delays (ranging from 0 to 2 months) between the peak of the rainfall season and the production of leaves by the ecosystem. The analyses show that the shape and size of the related hysteresis loops in the rainfall–NDVI relations are linked to the buffering effects of soil moisture and plant growth dynamics. Finally, model projections of vegetation response to different rainfall scenarios reveal the existence of a maximum in ecosystem productivity at intermediate levels of rainfall seasonality, suggesting a possible trade‐off in the effects of intensity (i.e. amount) and duration of the wet season on vegetation growth and related soil moisture dynamics and transpiration rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

THM analysis of a large‐scale heating test incorporating material fabric changes     

Marcelo Sánchez  Antonio Gens  Sebastiá Olivella 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(4):391-421

Engineered barriers are basic elements in the design of repositories for the isolation of high‐level radioactive waste. This paper presents the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) analysis of a clay barrier subjected to heating and hydration. The study focuses on an ongoing large‐scale heating test, at almost full scale, which is being carried out at the CIEMAT laboratory under well‐controlled boundary conditions. The test is intensely instrumented and it has provided the opportunity to study in detail the evolution of the main THM variables over a long period of time. Comprehensive laboratory tests carried out in the context of the FEBEX and NF‐PRO projects have allowed the identification of the model parameters to describe the THM behaviour of the compacted expansive clay. A conventional THM approach that assumes the swelling clay as a single porosity medium has been initially adopted to analyse the evolution of the test. The model was able to predict correctly the global THM behaviour of the clay barrier in the short term (i.e. for times shorter than three years), but some model limitations were detected concerning the prediction of the long‐term hydration rate. An additional analysis of the test has been carried out using a double structure model to describe the actual behaviour of expansive clays. The double structure model explicitly considers the two dominant pore levels that actually exist in the FEBEX bentonite and it is able to account for the evolution of the material fabric. The simulation of the experiment using this enhanced model provides a more satisfactory reproduction of the long‐term experimental results. It also contributes to a better understanding of the observed test behaviour and it provides a physically based explanation for the very slow hydration of the barrier. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Validation of ERS scatterometer‐derived soil moisture data in the central part of the Duero Basin,Spain     

Antonio Ceballos  Klaus Scipal  Wolfgang Wagner  Jos Martínez‐Fernndez 《水文研究》2005,19(8):1549-1566

The objective of this study was to validate the soil moisture data derived from coarse‐resolution active microwave data (50 km) from the ERS scatterometer. The retrieval technique is based on a change detection method coupled with a data‐based modelling approach to account for seasonal vegetation dynamics. The technique is able to derive information about the soil moisture content corresponding to the degree of saturation of the topmost soil layer (∼5 cm). To estimate profile soil moisture contents down to 100 cm depth from the scatterometer data, a simple two‐layer water balance model is used, which generates a red noise‐like soil moisture spectrum. The retrieval technique had been successfully applied in the Ukraine in a previous study. In this paper, the performance of the model in a semi‐arid Mediterranean environment characterized by low annual precipitation (400 mm), hot dry summers and sandy soils is investigated. To this end, field measurements from the REMEDHUS soil moisture station network in the semi‐arid parts of the Duero Basin (Spain) were used. The results reveal a significant coefficient of determination (R² = 0·75) for the averaged 0–100 cm soil moisture profile and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2·2 vol%. The spatial arrangement of the REMEDHUS soil moisture stations also allowed us to study the influence of the small‐scale variability of soil moisture within the ERS scatterometer footprint. The results show that the small‐scale variability in the study area is modest and can be explained in terms of texture fraction distribution in the soil profiles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Factors controlling spatial and seasonal distributions of precipitation δ18O in China     

Liangju Zhao  Honglang Xiao  Maoxian Zhou  Guodong Cheng  Lixin Wang  Li Yin  Juan Ren 《水文研究》2012,26(1):143-152

Utilising datasets from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and previous isotopic studies, we investigated δ¹⁸O spatial and temporal patterns in Chinese precipitation. Significantly positive relationships existed between precipitation δ¹⁸O and air temperature above the north of 35°N and in high altitude regions above 32°N. Significantly negative relationships between precipitation δ¹⁸O and the precipitation amount existed below south of 35°N. These temperature and precipitation effects became stronger with increasing altitude except in high altitude regions between 32°N and 35°N. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1980 to 2004 showed that variations in spatial and seasonal wind fields at 700 hpa and total precipitable water from the ground to the top of the atmosphere were correlated with the monthly spatial distribution of precipitation δ¹⁸O. Basing on this relationship, we established quantitative correlations between the mean monthly precipitation δ¹⁸O and both latitude and temperature in different seasons. We found that spatial variations in precipitation δ¹⁸O could be described well using the Bowen–Wilkinson model and second‐order equations developed during the present study only in winter (from December to February). During the rest of the year, patterns were too complex to predict using simple models. The results suggest that it is difficult to demonstrate variations of precipitation δ¹⁸O throughout the year and for all regions of China using a single model. Moreover, the new models for the relationships among precipitation, latitude, and temperature were better able to depict the variations in precipitation δ¹⁸O than the Bowen–Wilkinson model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

二连盆地伊和高勒地区下白垩统赛汉组沉积特征     

许强  秦明宽  李娟  杨烨  李西得  林效宾 《铀矿地质》2022,(1):1-12

为揭示二连盆地马尼特坳陷伊和高勒地区下白垩统赛汉组沉积特征,文章通过综合分析研究区内露头剖面、钻孔等,较为精细地研究了赛汉组岩性特征、地层空间展布特征、底板埋深分布特征、沉积相类型、沉积相展布特征等。研究区赛汉组分布范围广,具有东厚西薄的格局。底板埋深东部深西部浅,西部发育构造斜坡。西部为砂岩与泥岩,砂岩富炭屑;东部为砂砾岩与泥岩,砂砾岩中含炭屑。发育南、北两个方向物源,北部物源占主导作用。西部发育辫状河三角洲,砂体发育,"泥-砂-泥"结构好,为砂岩型铀矿最有利的沉积相带;东部发育扇三角洲,砂体极为发育,"泥-砂-泥"结构较好,为砂岩型铀矿较为有利的沉积相带;中部为半深湖-滨浅湖,砂体不发育,不利于砂岩型铀成矿。  相似文献   

石榴石钇(Y)元素电子探针分析及应用——以佛子岭石榴云母片岩为例SCIEI北大核心CSCD     

王娟  张妍  宋传中  石永红  侯振辉  王智慧  彭春蕾 《岩石学报》2022,38(3):619-638

石榴石是最重要的造岩矿物之一,通常能够保留早期的矿物结构和物质并记录较为晚期的变形和变质反应。石榴石钇(Y)元素环带特征丰富、复杂,不同的环带特征通常暗示不同的形成环境或经历了不同的变质事件,是变质演化历史研究的重要媒介之一。以往的研究中,多以LA-ICP-MS作为石榴石Y元素的主要分析手段,EPMA主要用于主量元素的分析。但是,LA-ICP-MS的束斑尺寸(44μm)和基底效应较EPMA(0~5μm)大,当石榴石颗粒小、包体和裂隙发育或成分环带以微区尺寸内存在较大变化时,大束斑更容易覆盖某些特殊信息。通过对石榴石Y元素测试参数的调试和标样验证,最终确定峰位测试时长和背景测试时长分别为140s和70s,并进行了PHA谱峰干扰剥离,降低检测限至54×10^(-6)。本文将通过对比佛子岭石榴云母片岩(LD025)4颗石榴石的EPMA主、微量原位分析(Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Y、Al、Si、Cr、Ti、Na)和LA-ICP-MS石榴石Y元素分析结果,论证EPMA分析Y元素的可行性。石榴石X-ray Mapping和主量成分剖面揭示该4颗石榴石均为生长环带,Mn呈钟形分带,Y与X Sps呈强烈正相关性,与X Grs、X Alm、X Prp相关性不清晰。EPMA和LA-ICP-MS分析结果显示Y含量曲线在核部和幔部具有良好的一致性,Grt1~Grt3中Y均表现出自核部(500×10^(-6)~1200×10^(-6))向幔部(200×10^(-6)~500×10^(-6))逐渐降低,极边部Y含量低(20×10^(-6)~200×10^(-6))且变化复杂;Grt4中Y含量差异相对较小(180×10^(-6)~450×10^(-6)),仅在边部出现不同程度的升降。因EPMA对于Y元素含量较低(<200×10^(-6))时灵敏度不够或者LA-ICP-MS束斑尺寸大容易掩盖边部窄带成分真实变化等原因,二者在边部Y元素差异较大。分别对EPMA和LA-ICP-MS的分析结果应用Grt-Xtm温度计和Grt单矿物压力计获得的变质PT结果显示Grt1~Grt3(核-幔-边)和Grt4(核-边)均记录较为完整、统一的温压演化过程。M1→M2→M3的变质温压变化分别为T=530~544℃、P=0.78~0.82GPa→T=577~616℃、P=0.89~0.98GPa→T=631~661℃、P=1.01~1.07GPa,表现为顺时针演化型式,M1至M3反映的是一个“暖俯冲”过程。根据温度评价结果,Grt1~Grt3(1.2~1.4mm,自形程度高)形成时间应早于Grt4(0.8mm,自形程度低)。由此可知,大颗粒的石榴石Y元素含量及变化特征通常更容易揭示相对完整的变质演化历史。本次研究为变泥质岩演化历史、变质温压评价等研究提供了不同视角和思路,结合EPMA主量(矿物成分、X-ray mapping、BSE分析)和微量元素(Y等)分析能够更加精准、全面地解读地质信息。  相似文献   

土工膜-土工布界面动力剪切特性试验研究     

侯娟  邢行  徐东  陆向前 《岩土力学》2022,43(2):365-376

糙面土工膜（GMX）和无纺土工布（GT）是垃圾填埋场中周边衬垫系统的重要组成部分,其界面特性对于整体填埋场的稳定性尤为重要。但是,目前对GMX-GT界面的动力剪切特性研究较少。为此,利用大型直剪仪,开展了一系列全饱和条件及干燥条件下GMX-GT界面的循环剪切试验,主要研究了竖向应力、位移幅值和循环次数等对GMX-GT界面动力剪切特性的影响,并对比分析了全饱和及干燥两种条件下GMX-GT界面动力剪切特性的差异。研究结果表明,随着位移幅值的增加,GMX-GT界面呈现出由剪切硬化向剪切软化转变的特性。循环剪切作用使得界面的内摩擦角随着位移幅值的增加而增大。GMX-GT界面主要表现为剪缩特性,且总剪缩量随竖向应力、位移幅值和循环次数的增加而增加。剪切刚度随竖向应力和循环次数的增大而增大,随位移幅值的增大而减小。阻尼比随位移幅值的增大而增大,随循环次数的增加而减小,说明位移幅值会增加GMX-GT界面的能量的耗散。GMX-GT界面在干燥条件下的破坏模式与饱和条件下的存在明显差异,干燥条件下GT内部的破坏更加显著,全饱和条件下GMX表面的破坏更加明显。  相似文献   

砂岩含水介质中铀的吸附和迁移行为研究     

崔迪  杨冰  郭华明  连国玺  孙娟 《地学前缘》2022,29(3):217-226

地浸铀矿山退役后,含水层中残留的含铀浸出液随着地下水的运动向下游迁移扩散,存在对周边地下水污染的风险。本文设计了若干组批实验和柱实验,研究铀在北方某地浸铀矿山砂岩含水介质中的吸附和迁移行为。实验结果表明,砂岩对铀的吸附在12 h以内达到平衡,铀初始浓度越高,砂岩的铀吸附容量越大;砂岩对铀的吸附为吸热反应,温度升高有利于吸附反应的进行。溶液pH值和共存 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度会对铀的吸附作用产生强烈的影响:pH值在7左右时,铀的吸附量最高; {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度越高,铀的吸附量越低。这些影响是通过改变溶液中铀的络合形态和砂岩矿物表面的电荷性质实现的。柱实验表明,pH值、铀浓度、流速和 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度是影响铀在饱和砂岩含水介质中迁移的重要因素。pH值≤7时,pH值越高,砂岩柱越不易被铀穿透;而铀浓度、流速、 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度越高,砂岩柱越易被铀穿透。两点非平衡模型可以很好地拟合不同条件下铀在砂岩柱中的迁移过程。批实验获得的分配系数是柱实验的1.16.6倍。通过对比实验条件、含水层特性和地下水化学特征,确定分配系数为48.1 mL/g时,较适合描述研究区内砂岩含水层中的铀迁移。上述认识为地浸铀矿山地下水铀的反应运移过程和天然自净化机理提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

济阳坳陷前古近纪烃源岩生烃潜力分析     

牛子铖  王永诗  王学军  张学军  王秀红  韩冬梅  刘旋  王茹  王娟 《高校地质学报》2022,28(1):73-85

济阳坳陷前古近系发育多套低勘探程度层系,下古生界寒武系—奥陶系、上古生界石炭系—二叠系和中生界都具有一定的生烃能力并可以提供油气资源。不同地质时期构造和沉积背景的差异形成了具有不同地球化学特征的烃源岩。本文综合地质资料、烃源岩热解和TOC分析资料、镜质体反射率资料、全岩显微组分分析资料、饱和烃和芳香烃色质资料等,系统分析了济阳坳陷前古近系烃源岩分布特征、地化特征和资源潜力。下古生界海相碳酸盐岩系烃源岩分布局限,有机质丰度较低,但类型较好,具有一定的供烃能力。上古生界煤系烃源岩分布范围广,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型相对较差,以生气为主,复杂的构造演化特征导致了这套源岩以二次生气为主。中生界发育了煤系源岩和湖相泥岩两套烃源岩,有机质类型中等,局部发育中等—好烃源岩,成熟度空间差异较大。总体来看,济阳坳陷三套前古近系烃源岩中,上古生界煤系源岩品质最佳,中生界次之,下古生界相对较差。  相似文献