Upwelling-triggered near-geostrophic recirculation in an equatorward facing embayment     

Julio Moraga-Opazo  Arnoldo Valle-Levinson  Marcel Ramos  Matías Pizarro-Koch 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(19-20):1991-1999

Underway current velocity profiles were combined with hydrographic profiles at the entrance to Tongoy Bay, an equatorward facing bay in north-central Chile, with the objective of determining its exchange hydrodynamics. To the west, Tongoy Bay is bounded by Lengua de Vaca Point, a ～6 km-long northward protruding peninsula. Observations were obtained during three surveys (April 2005, December 2005, May 2009) along cross-bay transects for at least one full day. During the surveys, winds were upwelling-favorable and displayed diurnal variations. Non-tidal (tidally averaged) flows showed a consistent clockwise or southern hemisphere cyclonic, recirculation during the three surveys. This recirculation was likely part of a cyclonic gyre (10–20 km in diameter), not entirely resolved by the surveys, and formed by flow separation off Lengua de Vaca Point. Estimates of the baroclinic pressure gradient, combined with analytical solutions of density-driven and wind-driven flows, indicated that the recirculation in Tongoy Bay was nearly in geostrophic balance. An ageostrophic contribution to the dynamics was related to frictional effects derived from local upwelling-favorable winds. A linear superposition of the analytically derived density-driven and wind-driven exchange resulted in a flow pattern that resembled the observed net exchange flows at the bay mouth.  相似文献   

Groundwater chemical characterization of a Rio de Janeiro coastal aquifer,SE – Brazil     

Emmanoel V. Silva-Filho  Renato G. Sobral Barcellos  Christophe Emblanch  Bernard Blavoux  Silvia Maria Sella  Michel Daniel  Roland Simler  Julio Cesar Wasserman 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2009,27(1):100-108

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Spatio-temporal climate regionalization using a self-organized clustering approach     

Mihaela I. Chidean  Antonio J. Caama&#;o  Carlos Casanova-Mateo  Julio Ramiro-Bargue&#;o  Sancho Salcedo-Sanz 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(3):927-949

The authors present a novel self-organized climate regionalization (CR) method that obtains a spatial clustering of regions, based on the explained variance of physical measurements in their coverage. This method enables a microscopic characterization of the probabilistic spatial extent of climate regions, using the statistics of the obtained clusters. It also allows for the study of the macroscopic behaviour of climate regions through time by using the dissimilarity among different cluster size probability histograms. The main advantages of the presented method, based on the Second-Order Data-Coupled Clustering (SODCC) algorithm, are that SODCC is robust to the selection of tunable parameters and that it does not require a regular or homogeneous grid to be applied. Moreover, the SODCC method has higher spatial resolution, lower computational complexity, and allows for a more direct physical interpretation of the outputs than other existing CR methods, such as Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) or Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF). These facts are illustrated with an example of winter wind speed regionalization in the Iberian Peninsula through the period (1979 − 2014). This study also reveals that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a high influence over the wind distribution in the Iberian Peninsula in a subset of years in the considered period.  相似文献   

The effects of damming on the materials flux in the Colorado River delta   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

José D. Carriquiry  Julio A. Villaescusa  Víctor Camacho-Ibar  L. Walter Daesslé  Pedro G. Castro-Castro 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(7):1407-1418

During the last century, the Colorado River delta (CRD) has been dramatically altered by the diversion of river water for use in human activities. This alteration has eliminated the delivery of fresh water to the Gulf of California radically transforming the former estuary into an inverse-estuary. Under the new conditions, the new materials budget was estimated at the mouth of the Colorado River in terms of salts, total suspended sediments, organic suspended matter and nutrients. The results of this study show that, because of the asymmetry of the tidal wave, the variability of seston concentration follows a sedimentation pattern of three successive stages: re-suspension (erosion at ebb flow) > dilution (during flood flow) > sedimentation (at the end of the flood stage). The tidal asymmetry during neap tides was characterized by longer ebb (at least, 30 min longer) than flood and more intense ebb currents (as much as 43% higher), hence characterizing an ebb-dominated system. The CRD is characterized by high nutrients concentrations. Maximal levels are: nitrates (41 μM), phosphates (2.6 μM) and silicates (68 μM), nitrite (15 μM). The mass balance indicates that the system acts as a net exporter of suspended sediment with rates as high as 7 tons per tidal cycle. This behavior indicates that the CRD is in a destructive stage as a result of the lack of freshwater inflow and supply of sediment into the system.  相似文献   

Sociological Profile of Astronomers in Spain     

Julio Iglesias de Ussel  Antonio Trinidad  Diego RuIz  Eduardo Battaner  Antonio J. Delgado  José M. Rodriguez-Espinosa  Eduard Salvador-Solé  José M. Torrelles 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,257(2):237-248

In this paper the main findings are presented of a recent study made by a team of sociologists from the University of Granada on the professional astronomers currently working in Spain. Despite the peculiarities of this group – its youth, twentyfold increase in size over the last 20 years, and extremely high rate of specialization abroad – in comparison with other Spanish professionals, this is the first time that the sociological characteristics of the group have been studied discretely. The most significant results of the study are presented in the following sections. Section 1 gives a brief historical background of the development of Astronomy in Spain. Section 2 analyzes the socio-demographic profile of Spanish Astronomy professionals (sex, age, marital status, etc.). Sections 3–5 are devoted to the college education and study programs followed by Spanish astronomers, focusing on the features and evaluations of the training received, and pre- and postdoctoral study trips made to research centers abroad. The results for the latter clearly show the importance that Spanish astronomers place on having experience abroad. Special attention is paid to scientific papers published as a result of joint research projects carried out with colleagues from centers abroad as a result of these study trips. Section 6 describes the situation of Astronomy professionals within the Spanish job market, the different positions available and the time taken to find a job after graduation. Section 7 examines Astronomy as a discipline in Spain, including the astronomers' own opinions of the social status of the discipline within Spanish society. Particular attention is paid to how Spanish astronomers view the status of Astronomy in Spain in comparison with that of other European countries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Inferences about winter temperatures and summer rains from the late Quaternary record of C4 perennial grasses and C3 desert shrubs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert     

Camille A. Holmgren  Jodi Norris  Julio L. Betancourt 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(2):141-161

Late Quaternary histories of two North American desert biomes—C₄ grasslands and C₃ shrublands—are poorly known despite their sensitivity and potential value in reconstructing summer rains and winter temperatures. Plant macrofossil assemblages from packrat midden series in the northern Chihuahuan Desert show that C₄ grasses and annuals typical of desert grassland persisted near their present northern limits throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle. By contrast, key C₃ desert shrubs appeared somewhat abruptly after 5000 cal. yr BP. Bioclimatic envelopes for select C₄ and C₃ species are mapped to interpret the glacial–interglacial persistence of desert grassland and the mid‐to‐late Holocene expansion of desert shrublands. The envelopes suggest relatively warm Pleistocene temperatures with moist summers allowed for persistence of C₄ grasses, whereas winters were probably too cold (or too wet) for C₃ desert shrubs. Contrary to climate model results, core processes associated with the North American Monsoon and moisture transport to the northern Chihuahuan Desert remained intact throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Mid‐latitude effects, however, truncated midsummer (July–August) moisture transport north of 35° N. The sudden expansion of desert shrublands after 5000 cal. yr BP may be a threshold response to warmer winters associated with increasing boreal winter insolation, and enhanced El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Coping with climate variability and climate change in La Ceiba,Honduras     

Joel B. Smith  Kenneth M. Strzepek  Julio Cardini  Mario Castaneda  Julie Holland  Carlos Quiroz  Tom M. L. Wigley  Jose Herrero  Peter Hearne  John Furlow 《Climatic change》2011,108(3):457-470

La Ceiba, Honduras, a city of about 200,000 people, lies along the Caribbean Sea, nestled against a mountain range and the Rio Cangrejal. The city faces three flooding risks: routine flooding of city streets due to the lack of a stormwater drainage system; occasional major flooding of the Rio Cangrejal, which flows through the city; and flooding from heavy rainfall events and storm surges associated with tropical cyclones. In this study, we applied a method developed for the U.S. Agency for International Development and then worked with stakeholders in La Ceiba to understand climate change risks and evaluate adaptation alternatives. We estimated the impacts of climate change on the current flooding risks and on efforts to mitigate the flooding problems. The climate change scenarios, which addressed sea level rise and flooding, were based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates of sea level rise (Houghton et al. 2001) and published literature linking changes in temperature to more intense precipitation (Trenberth et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 84:1205–1217, 2003) and hurricanes (Knutson and Tuleya, J Clim, 17:3477–3495, 2004). Using information from Trenberth et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 84:1205–1217, (2003) and Knutson and Tuleya, J Clim, 17:3477–3495, 2004, we scaled intense precipitation and hurricane wind speed based on projected temperature increases. We estimated the volume of precipitation in intense events to increase by 2 to 4% in 2025 and by 6 to 14% by 2050. A 13% increase in intense precipitation, the high scenario for 2050, could increase peak 5-year flood flows by about 60%. Building an enhanced urban drainage system that could cope with the estimated increased flooding would cost one-third more than building a system to handle current climate conditions, but would avoid costlier reconstruction in the future. The flow of the Rio Cangrejal would increase by one-third from more intense hurricanes. The costs of raising levees to protect the population from increased risks from climate change would be about $1 million. The coast west of downtown La Ceiba is the most vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surges. It is relatively undeveloped, but is projected to have rapid development. Setbacks on coastal construction in that area may limit risks. The downtown coastline is also at risk and may need to be protected with groins and sand pumping. Stakeholders in La Ceiba concluded that addressing problems of urban drainage should be a top priority. They emphasized improved management of the Rio Cangrejal watershed and improved storm warnings to cope with risks from extreme precipitation and cyclones. Adoption of risk management principles and effective land use management could also help reduce risks from current climate and climate change.  相似文献   

The impact of technology availability on the timing and costs of emission reductions for achieving long-term climate targets     

Jasper van Vliet  Andries F. Hof  Angelica Mendoza Beltran  Maarten van den Berg  Sebastiaan Deetman  Michel G. J. den Elzen  Paul L. Lucas  Detlef P. van Vuuren 《Climatic change》2014,123(3-4):559-569

While most long-term mitigation scenario studies build on a broad portfolio of mitigation technologies, there is quite some uncertainty about the availability and reduction potential of these technologies. This study explores the impacts of technology limitations on greenhouse gas emission reductions using the integrated model IMAGE. It shows that the required short-term emission reductions to achieve long-term radiative forcing targets strongly depend on assumptions on the availability and potential of mitigation technologies. Limited availability of mitigation technologies which are relatively important in the long run implies that lower short-term emission levels are required. For instance, limited bio-energy availability reduces the optimal 2020 emission level by more than 4 GtCO₂eq in order to compensate the reduced availability of negative emissions from bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in the long run. On the other hand, reduced mitigation potential of options that are used in 2020 can also lead to a higher optimal level for 2020 emissions. The results also show the critical role of BECCS for achieving low radiative forcing targets in IMAGE. Without these technologies achieving these targets become much more expensive or even infeasible.  相似文献   

Variable effects of forest canopies on snow processes in a valley of the central Spanish Pyrenees     

Alba Sanmiguel-Vallelado  Juan I. López-Moreno  Enrique Morán-Tejeda  Esteban Alonso-González  Francisco M. Navarro-Serrano  Ibai Rico  J. Julio Camarero 《水文研究》2020,34(10):2247-2262

Snowpacks and forests have complex interactions throughout the large range of altitudes where they co-occur. However, there are no reliable data on the spatial and temporal interactions of forests with snowpacks, such as those that occur in nearby areas that have different environmental conditions and those that occur during different snow seasons. This study monitored the interactions of forests with snowpacks in four forest stands in a single valley of the central Spanish Pyrenees during three consecutive snow seasons (2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018). Daily snow depth data from time-lapse cameras were compared with snow data from field surveys that were performed every 10–15 days. These data thus provided information on the spatial and temporal changes of snow–water equivalent (SWE). The results indicated that forest had the same general effects on snowpack in each forest stand and during each snow season. On average, forest cover reduced the duration of snowpack by 17 days, reduced the cumulative SWE of the snowpack by about 60% and increased the spatial heterogeneity of snowpack by 190%. Overall, forest cover reduced SWE total accumulation by 40% and the rate of SWE accumulation by 25%. The forest-mediated reduction of the accumulation rate, in combination with the occasional forest-mediated enhancement of melting rate, explained the reduced duration of snowpacks beneath forest canopies. However, the magnitude and timing of certain forest effects on snowpack had significant spatial and temporal variations. This variability must be considered when selecting the location of an experimental site in a mountainous area, because the study site should be representative of surrounding areas. The same considerations apply when selecting a time period for study.  相似文献   

Drought and Spatiotemporal Variability of Forest Fires Across Mexico     

Pompa-García MARíN  Camarero J.JULIO  Rodríguez-Trejo DANTE ARTURO  Vega-Nieva DANIEL JOSE 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2018,28(1):25-37

Understanding the spatiotemporal links between drought and forest fire occurrence is crucial for improving decision-making in fire management under current and future climatic conditions. We quantified forest fire activity in Mexico using georeferenced fire records for the period of 2005–2015 and examined its spatial and temporal relationships with a multiscalar drought index, the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI). A total of 47975 fire counts were recorded in the 11-year long study period, with the peak in fire frequency occurring in 2011. We identified four fire clusters, i.e., regions where there is a high density of fire records in Mexico using the Getis-Ord G spatial statistic. Then, we examined fire frequency data in the clustered regions and assessed how fire activity related to the SPEI for the entire study period and also for the year 2011. Associations between the SPEI and fire frequency varied across Mexico and fire-SPEI relationships also varied across the months of major fire occurrence and related SPEI temporal scales. In particular, in the two fire clusters located in northern Mexico(Chihuahua, northern Baja California), drier conditions over the previous 5 months triggered fire occurrence. In contrast, we did not observe a significant relationship between drought severity and fire frequency in the central Mexico cluster, which exhibited the highest fire frequency. We also found moderate fire-drought associations in the cluster situated in the tropical southern Chiapas where agriculture activities are the main causes of forest fire occurrence. These results are useful for improving our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of fire occurrence as related to drought severity in megadiverse countries hosting many forest types as Mexico.  相似文献