A grassed waterway and earthen dams to control muddy floods from a cultivated catchment of the Belgian loess belt     

Olivier Evrard  Karel Vandaele  Bas van Wesemael  Charles L. Bielders 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):419-428

Muddy floods, i.e. runoff from cultivated areas carrying large quantities of soil, are frequent and widespread in the European loess belt. They are mainly generated in dry zero-order valleys and are nowadays considered as the most likely process transferring material eroded from cultivated hillslopes during the Holocene to the flood plain. The huge costs of muddy flood damages justify the urgent installation of control measures. In the framework of the ‘Soil Erosion Decree’ of the Belgian Flemish region, a 12 ha-grassed waterway and three earthen dams have been installed between 2002–2004 in the thalweg of a 300-ha cultivated dry valley in the Belgian loess belt. The measures served their purpose by preventing any muddy flood in the downstream village, despite the occurrence of several extreme rainfall events (with a maximum return period of 150 years). The catchment has been intensively monitored from 2005–2007 and 39 runoff events were recorded in that period. Peak discharge (per ha) was reduced by 69% between the upstream and the downstream extremities of the grassed waterway (GWW). Furthermore, runoff was buffered for 5–12 h behind the dams, and the lag time at the outlet of the catchment was thereby increased by 75%. Reinfiltration was also observed within the waterway, runoff coefficients decreasing by a mean of 50% between both extremities of the GWW. Sediment discharge was also reduced by 93% between the GWW's inflow and the outlet. Before the installation of the control measures, specific sediment yield (SSY) of the catchment reached 3.5 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1 and an ephemeral gully was observed nearly each year in the catchment. Since the control measures have been installed, no (ephemeral) gully has developed and the SSY of the catchment dropped to a mean of 0.5 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1. Hence, sediment transfer from the cultivated dry valley to the alluvial plain should dramatically decrease. Total cost of the control measures that are built for a 20 year-period is very low (126 € ha^− 1) compared to the mean damage cost associated with muddy floods in the study area (54 € ha^− 1 yr^− 1). Similar measures should therefore be installed to protect other flooded villages of the Belgian loess belt and comparable environments.  相似文献   

Coloring and preservation state of faunal remains from the neanderthal levels of Kůlna Cave,Czech republic     

Vronique Michel  Herv Bocherens  Isabelle Thry‐Parisot  Karel Valoch  Patricia Valensi 《Geoarchaeology》2006,21(5):479-501

The preservation process of faunal remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels of Kůlna Cave was studied within a taphonomic and palaeodietary framework. A visual examination of bones and teeth showed that they display a wide variety of colors. Chemical analyses (C, N, Fe, Mn) and a combination of analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, were conducted on 13 fossil remains. The crystallinity indexes, IR‐SF, XRD‐CI, XRD‐L200, the IR area band (Amide I), and the ESR analyses showed that the bones were not burned at a temperature higher than 200°C. This implies that the bone remains were not used as fuel by Neanderthals at Kůlna Cave. Coloring in these bones is largely due to the presence of Mn and Fe. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Cenozoic Intraplate Alkaline Volcanism of Western Bohemia     

Ulrych  Jaromír  Cajz  Vladimír  Pivec  Edvin  Novák  Jiří Karel  Nekovařík  Čestmír  Balogh  Kadosa 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2000,44(2):346-351

Three independent volcanic suites have been recognised in W Bohemia: (i) the old unimodal alkaline ol. nephelinite-tephrite (29-19 Ma) in the Ohe Rift, (ii) two contemporaneous weakly (trachybasalt/trachyandesite-trachyte/rhyolite; 13-11 Ma) and strongly (ol. nephelinite-tephrite/basanite; 12-8 Ma) alkaline series in the flank of the Cheb-Domalice Graben formed by the Teplá Highland and (iii) the young unimodal ol. melilitite/ol. nephelinite alkaline suite (2.0-0.12 Ma) at the intersection of the above mentioned structures in the Cheb Basin. The magmas of all the suites are mantle-derived and, in the case of the Cheb-Domalice Graben series, associated with the AFC process. Two main fault systems: (i) ENE-WSW and (ii) NNW-SSE are developed in W Bohemia, corresponding to the directions of the two prominent taphrogenic structures. The southwesterly continuation of the Ohe Rift across the Mariánské Lázn Fault is marked by volcanics only.  相似文献   

Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Winds     

Karel A. Van Der Hucht 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,251(1-2):311-320

We review aspects of Population I Wolf-Rayet stars, like classification, inventory, chemical composition, temperature, stellar wind, mass loss rate, ring nebulae, and galactic enrichment in specific isotopes. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Study of the field of a point harmonic source ofSH-waves in a stratified medium and in a medium with a corrugated interface by finite difference methods     

Jiří Nedoma  Karel Pěč  Reviewer I. Marek 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1971,15(3-4):288-298

Summary The paper presents a numerical solution of the propagation of SH-waves in a stratified and corrugated medium using the finite difference method. There the problem of a suitable choice of mesh is also discussed.  相似文献   

A simple three-dimensional model of the earth's crust     

Karel Holub  Vít Kárník  Vladimír Tobyáš 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1966,10(3):370-375

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Extreme P-, Bi-, Nb-, Sc-, U- and F-rich zircon from fractionated perphosphorous granites: The peraluminous Podlesí granite system, Czech Republic     

Karel Breiter  Hans-Jürgen Frster  Radek &#x;koda 《Lithos》2006,88(1-4):15-34

The strongly peraluminous and P-rich, protolithionite and zinnwaldite leucogranites from Podlesí, western Krušné Hory Mts., Czech Republic, contain accessory zircon with extraordinary enrichment of several elements, which constitute trace elements in common zircon. Elements showing a not yet reported anomalous enrichment include P (up to 20.2 wt.% P₂O₅; equivalent to 0.60 apfu, formula calculated on the basis of 4 oxygen atoms), Bi (up to 9.0 wt.% Bi₂O₃; 0.086 apfu), Nb (up to 6.7 wt.% Nb₂O₅, 0.12 apfu), Sc (up to 3.45 wt.% Sc₂O₃; 0.10 apfu), U (up to 14.8 wt.% UO₂; 0.12 apfu) and F (up to 3.81 wt.% F; 0.42 apfu). Strong enrichment of P preferentially involved the berlinite-type substitution (2 Si⁴⁺  P⁵⁺ + Al³⁺) implying that significant Al may enter the Si position in zircon. Incorporation of other exotic elements is primarily governed by the xenotime (Si⁴⁺ + Zr⁴⁺  P⁵⁺ + Y³⁺), pretulite (Sc³⁺ + P⁵⁺  Zr⁴⁺ + Si⁴⁺), brabantite-type (Ca²⁺ + (U, Th)⁴⁺ + 2P⁵⁺  2Zr⁴⁺ + 2Si⁴⁺), and ximengite-type (Bi³⁺ + P⁵⁺  Zr⁴⁺ + Si⁴⁺) substitution reactions. One part of the anomalous zircons formed late-magmatically, from a strongly peraluminous, P–F–U-rich hydrous residual melt that gave rise to the zinnwaldite granite. Interaction with aggressive residual fluids and metamictization have further aided in element enrichment or depletion, particularly in altered parts of zircon contained in the protolithionite granite. Most of the zircon from F-rich greisens have a composition close to endmember ZrSiO₄ and are chemically distinct from zircon in its granite parent. This discrepancy implies that at Podlesí, granitic zircon became unstable and completely dissolved during greisenization. Part of the mobilized elements was reprecipitated in newly grown, hydrothermal zircon.  相似文献   

Application of the Engineering-Geological Conditions in Land-Use Plans in the Petrvald Region(Czech Republic)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Marian MARSCHALKO  I??k YILMAZ  Martin BEDNARIK  Karel KUBE?KA  Tomá? BOUCHAL 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(1):272-285

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate necessity to inform relevant parties about engineering-geological conditions for various practical purposes,especially including appropriate land-use planning.However,the relationship between relevant geological information and the geological environment is vital for foundation engineering purposes,especially where demanding structures are involved.This information is most conveniently structured when accumulated information concerning engineering-geological zones is utilized.This necessarily includes knowledge of rock workability and also of the pre-Quaternary bedrock,and these characteristics were then related to the current built-up area and future development according to the land-use plans in a case study are from the Petrvald Region(Czech Republic).The geological environment of area has been severely influenced by anthropogenic effects of deep black coal mining.Results of this research showed that future development should be founded on spoil banks,dumps,and settling basins. According to the land-use plan,this zone occupies 44.9%of the area of interest,and its materials predominantly emanate from mining in the Ostrava-Karvina Coal District.For future foundation structures planned there,it is imperative to consult detailed engineering-geological study.However, attention to and reliance on this necessity is not reflected in the existing land-use plan.  相似文献   

Analysing Pairwise Logratios Revisited     

Hron  Karel  Coenders  Germá  Filzmoser  Peter  Palarea-Albaladejo  Javier  Faměra  Martin  Matys Grygar  Tomáš 《Mathematical Geosciences》2021,53(7):1643-1666

Mathematical Geosciences - Even though the logratio methodology provides a range of both generic, mostly exploratory, and purpose-built coordinate representations of compositional data, simple...  相似文献   

Some remarks on fabric overprints and constrictional AMS fabrics in igneous rocks     

Karel Schulmann  Josef Ježek 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2012,101(3):705-714

During the ascent, emplacement and post-emplacement deformation of igneous rocks, two or more phases of deformation that overprint each other are often depicted. These overprints, when magnetic minerals are present, are recorded in magnetic fabric. In this contribution, overprints are studied by means of numerical modeling, following several basic scenarios common to igneous rocks. Biotite and amphibole that occur often together in igneous rocks are considered as carriers of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Modeling shows that (1) a constrictional fabric with a low degree of anisotropy as commonly recorded in magmatic rocks may result from a deformation overprint and not necessarily from an extensional/transtensional regime, and (2) that the constrictional AMS fabrics originates from orthogonal superimposition of a deformation event on an AMS fabric inherited from earlier magma emplacement history. Therefore, the interpretation of a constrictional fabric must be performed with caution. Numerical modeling may provide a suitable help in strengthening the interpretation of real magnetic fabric data.  相似文献