Abstract: This paper examines the culturally specific experiences of belonging within Oruāmo/Beachhaven, a suburb in North Shore City. In-depth interviews with 32 caregivers of young children expose the fact that the ethnic groups represented – Māori, Samoan and Pākehā– vary in their uses and understandings of, as well as feelings for, residential neighbourhood. Examination of the themes of natural environment, social relations, continuity of residence, facilities, organisations and place transformation reveal that, while representatives of all groups had views on these matters, there was a variable degree of engagement with and priority afforded to these concerns. 相似文献
Groundwater drought denotes the condition and hazard during a prolonged meteorological drought when groundwater resources decline and become unavailable or inaccessible for human use. Groundwater drought risk refers to the combined physical risk and human vulnerability associated with diminished groundwater availability and access during drought. An integrated management support tool, GRiMMS, is presented, for the mapping and assessment of relative groundwater drought risk in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Based on composite mapping analysis of region-wide gridded relative indices of meteorological drought risk, hydrogeological drought proneness and human groundwater drought vulnerability, the mapping results highlight consistent areas across the region with highest groundwater drought risk and populations in the order of 39 million at risk of groundwater drought at present. Projective climate-model results suggest a potentially significant negative impact of climate change on groundwater drought risk. The tool provides a means for further attention to the key, but neglected, role of groundwater in drought management in Africa. 相似文献
Arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) contents were measured in sediment nodules and associated pore waters obtained from sediment cores collected from a salt marsh on Pólvora Island (southern Brazil). Sediment cores were obtained when brackish water dominated the estuary, at two different environments: an unvegetated mudflat colonized by crabs (Neohelice granulata), and a low intertidal stand vegetated by Spartina alterniflora. We determined the percentage of nodules in each depth interval of the cores, along with redox potential, and As, Fe, and Mn contents of the nodules. The mineralogy of the nodules was investigated, and results showed they are mainly composed by quartz, phyllosilicates, and amorphous Fe–Mn oxides/oxyhydroxides. Pore water results showed that bioturbation by local crabs supports oxygen penetration to depths of ca. 25 cm below the salt marsh surface, with lower Fe contents in pore water associated with the brackish period. However, S. alterniflora growth appears to have a greater impact on sediment geochemistry of Fe, Mn, and possibly As due to sulfate reduction and the associated decrease in pore water pH. Higher Fe concentrations were observed in the pore waters during the period of brackish water dominance, which also corresponded to the S. alterniflora growth season. The study demonstrates that differences in geochemical conditions (e.g., Fe content) that can develop in salt marsh sediments owing to different types of bioirrigation processes (i.e., bioirrigation driven by crabs versus that related to the growth of S. alterniflora) play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of As.
On August 19, 2020, at 13:18—UTC, a meteor event ended as a meteorite shower in Santa Filomena, a city in the Pernambuco State, northeast Brazil. The heliocentric orbital parameters resulting from images by cameras of the weather broadcasting system were semimajor axis a = 2.1 ± 0.1 au, eccentricity e = 0.55 ± 0.03, and inclination i = 0.15o ± 0.05. The data identified the body as an Apollo object, an Earth-crossing object with a pericenter interior to the Earth's orbit. The chemical, mineralogical, and petrological evaluations, as well as the physical analysis, followed several traditional techniques. The meteorite was identified as a H5-6 S4 W0 ordinary chondrite genomict breccia. The large amount of metal in the meteorite made a metallographic evaluation based on the opaque phases possible. The monocrystalline kamacite crystals suggest a higher petrological type and the distorted Neumann lines imply at least two different shock events. The absence of the plessite phase shows that the meteorite did not reach the highest shock levels S5 and S6. The well-defined polycrystalline taenite is indicative of petrologic types 4 and 5 due to the conserved internal tetrataenite rim at the boundaries. The presence of polycrystalline taenites and the characteristics of the Agrell Effect suggest that the Santa Filomena meteorite did not reheat above 700°C. The absence of martensite confirms reheating temperatures <800°C and a slow cooling rate. The Ni contents and sizes of the zoned taenite particles indicate a slow cooling rate ranging from 1 to 10 K Myr−1. 相似文献
We assess the future of coal under alternative climate stabilization regimes, investigating how the quantity and location of future coal production, trade and use depends upon five factors: the supply-side constraint of resource depletion, diversification and deepening of international trade, economic growth, trends in energy intensity, and the availability of coal-fired carbon-free electric generation technology (IGCC-CCS). Using the Phoenix computable general equilibrium model of the world economy, we find that coal is sensitive to demand-side assumptions about economic growth and energy-saving structural or technological change. In a 550 ppm stabilization emission tax scenario, the gobal coal industry initially declines sharply and then rebounds, in 2050 reaching roughly the same size as it is today—but only if IGCC-CCS is available by 2020. Under alternative stabilization regimes, IGCC-CCS penetration is a key influence on production and imports in major coal regions, where it interacts with extraction costs driven by the rate of depletion relative to trade partners. 相似文献
Thirteen pumice samples from the D and E ignimbrite units of Kalymnos Tuff have been analyzed for their biotite and feldspar phenocryst mineral chemistry and for bulk major and 20 trace, including 14 Rare Earth elements, to define and compare their petrochemistry with the Kos Plateau Tuff (KPT). For the same purpose major element analyses were obtained from Kalymnos Tuff and KPT glasses. Both KPT and Kalymnos pumice lapilli are rhyolites characterized by a well-developed ‘silky’ texture and roundish quartz. Phenocrysts of biotite and feldspars (sanidine, oligoclase) from both tuffs display compositional overlap. Crystals are charac-terized by undulatory extinction (quartz), fractures (sanidine, oligoclase) and bent cleavages (biotite) due to the explosive origin of their host. Both tuffs show well-defined petrogenetic trends and extensive compositional overlaps on major and trace element variation diagrams suggesting that they are consanguineous. However, D ignimbrite samples are more evolved than those obtained from E ignimbrite as indicated from major elements, alkali earths (Ba, Rb, Sr), immobile (Zr, Y), compatible (V) and hygromagmatophile trace element (Th) distributions. This evidence indicates a stratified magma chamber under a ~16 Km caldera superstructure which is mostly submarine. 相似文献
Paired watersheds are used to develop a deciduous nutrient uptake stoichiometry. The watersheds are those of the House Rock Run and the Brubaker Run located in the Pennsylvania Appalachian Piedmont, USA. These two watersheds are nearly identical with respect to bedrock, regolith, climate, geomorphology, morphometry, baseflow hydrology, and type and successional stage of forest vegetation. They only differ by the percentage of deciduous forest cover, with House Rock Run having 59% and Brubaker Run having 76%. From differences in their stream chemistries the biomass nutrient uptake stoichiometry of K1.0Mg1.0Ca1.4 was determined. This stoichiometry applies to an aggrading deciduous biomass and differs from those previously used which were derived from net primary production (NPP) data. The difference may reflect that macronutrients in plant tissue may also originate from atmospheric inputs and/or decomposing biomass. Although this stoichiometry may not be applied to all deciduous forest-covered watersheds, it is likely an improvement over a stoichiometry determined from NPP data. 相似文献
With both declining and ageing populations, countries are addressing the threats to their competitiveness by attracting more highly educated workers and by investing in human capital, especially through policies to increase the rates of participation by young people in tertiary education. As the population is still ageing, there are concerns over the affordability of state support for the elderly, their roles in society and the economy. Active and flexible lifestyles extend healthy life expectancy, so extending the length of the working life is increasingly seen as a way to ease the transition to an economy where an ageing population is affordable.Senior academic staff, exemplars of such post-industrial flexibility, have long been accommodated beyond the statutory retirement age. Their benign conditions of work; high private and social returns to experience and knowledge; and their high levels of those skills, labour power and other capacities which do not degenerate with age, combine to prolong the length of their effective working lives. Against this, as in other sectors, redundancies, voluntary severance and other schemes to reduce staffing have encouraged early retirement. Increased demand for higher education has driven changes in the lecturing labour mix, with increasing use of a peripheral workforce of both early career and retiring staff. This has seen semi-retirement within higher education evolving to stretch the period over which withdrawal takes place.In this context, the exploratory work reported here considers the initial responses by employers and trades unions in Scottish Higher Education to the abolition of the default retirement age and the introduction of ‘The Employment Equality (Repeal of Retirement Age Provisions) Regulations 2011’. 相似文献