Sensitivity of the Australian summer monsoon to tilt and precession forcing   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll  Zhengyu Liu  Guangshan Chen  John E. Kutzbach  Xiaodong Liu 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(25-28):3043-3057

The response of the Australian summer monsoon to orbital forcing is studied using a coupled General Circulation Model (GCM) with the focus on the relative roles of tilt and precession on the forcing of the northern Australian summer monsoon. It was found that unlike the Northern Hemisphere monsoons, which are dominated by precession forcing, the Australian monsoon can be enhanced significantly not only by precession forcing, but also by tilt forcing coupled to oceanic feedback. The new insights obtained from a series of experiments with differing tilt-precession configurations allow an interpretation of the Australian Late Quaternary monsoon record in which insolation forcing plays a significant role.  相似文献   

Effects of topographic–isostatic masses on gravitational functionals at the Earth’s surface and at airborne and satellite altitudes     

Atef A. Makhloof  Karl-Heinz Ilk 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(2):93-111

Topographic–isostatic masses represent an important source of gravity field information, especially in the high-frequency band, even if the detailed mass-density distribution inside the topographic masses is unknown. If this information is used within a remove-restore procedure, then the instability problems in downward continuation of gravity observations from aircraft or satellite altitudes can be reduced. In this article, integral formulae are derived for determination of gravitational effects of topographic–isostatic masses on the first- and second-order derivatives of the gravitational potential for three topographic–isostatic models. The application of these formulas is useful for airborne gravimetry/gradiometry and satellite gravity gradiometry. The formulas are presented in spherical approximation by separating the 3D integration in an analytical integration in the radial direction and 2D integration over the mean sphere. Therefore, spherical volume elements can be considered as being approximated by mass-lines located at the centre of the discretization compartments (the mass of the tesseroid is condensed mathematically along its vertical axis). The errors of this approximation are investigated for the second-order derivatives of the topographic–isostatic gravitational potential in the vicinity of the Earth’s surface. The formulas are then applied to various scenarios of airborne gravimetry/gradiometry and satellite gradiometry. The components of the gravitational vector at aircraft altitudes of 4 and 10 km have been determined, as well as the gravitational tensor components at a satellite altitude of 250 km envisaged for the forthcoming GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean-circulation explorer) mission. The numerical computations are based on digital elevation models with a 5-arc-minute resolution for satellite gravity gradiometry and 1-arc-minute resolution for airborne gravity/gradiometry.  相似文献   

On the timing and forcing mechanism of a mid-Miocene arid climate transition at the NE margins of the Tibetan Plateau: stratigraphic and sedimentologic evidence from the Sikouzi Section     

Xiubin Lin  Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll  Hanlin Chen  Xiaogan Cheng 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,105(3):1039-1049

  相似文献   

Bedload entrainment,travel lengths,step lengths,rest periods—studied with passive (iron,magnetic) and active (radio) tracer techniques     

Karl-Heinz Schmidt  Peter Ergenzinger 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(2):147-165

This paper reports results from bedload transport investigations with active (radio) and passive (iron, magnetic) tracers in the Lainbach, a step-pool mountain river, in Bavaria, Southern Germany. The spatial distributions of the iron tracers after flood events can be best described by exponential or Gamma distributions. There is some indication of a tendency of size-selective transport of the iron tracers, but there is also a considerable amount of scatter in the correlations between weight (size) and travel length owing to the masking influence of other variables, such as the shape of the particles and different positions in the river bed. The experiments with artificial magnetic tracers showed that elongated pebbles (rods) had the longest mean transport distance, platy ones (discs) remained relatively close to the starting points. The particles from the pool showed the greatest transport lengths and a 100 per cent chance of being eroded. The Pebble Transmitter System (PETSY) consists of transmitters implanted into individual pebbles, a computerized receiver, a stationary antenna system with an antenna switchboard, and a data logging system. The particles do not move continuously but in a series of transport steps and non-movement intervals. A single value for a given size-class is not adequate to describe the critical conditions of entrainment under natural circumstances. A probability approach is much more suitable. The critical unit discharges (total discharge divided by active channel width) along the measuring reach are dependent on river bed morphology. In the steps bedload needs higher unit discharges to be entrained. Once entrained, the transport of bedload is stochastic in nature and the single particle transport is controlled by the step lengths and the duration of rest periods. The distributions of both parameters can be approximated by exponential functions. Applying the stochastic concept proposed by Einstein the mean values of the random variables [step length] and [duration of rest period] measured with the PETSY technique were used for the simulation of spatial distributions of bedload particles from point sources. More field and laboratory data are needed to include varying flow and roughness conditions with tracers representing different particle characteristics.  相似文献   

Potentials of monitoring rock fall hazards by GPR: considering as example the results of Salzburg   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Karl-Heinz Roch  Werner Chwatal  Ewald Brückl 《Landslides》2006,3(2):87-94

A part of the IUGS-UNESCO research project "Landslide Hazard Assessment and Cultural Heritage" (IGCP-Project No. 425) includes testing the application of geophysical methods for assessing hazard risks to people and cultural assets. In this work, Austria contributed with a study on the assessment of rock-fall hazards. As the Old Town of Salzburg is a prime example of such hazards, systematic GPR-measurements were made on major rock surfaces. The aim of the exploration with GPR was to assess the potential of the method for monitoring rock walls. That is, whether structures in the rock mass which could become important when considering the risk of a rock fall, can be imaged. To manage this problem successfully, moving the antenna over the rough rock surface was made as regular as possible. The effects of vegetation lifting the antenna from the rock surface and of overhanging regions could not be avoided. Due to the loss of coupling of the antenna and the change of radiation pattern, some interference of the records occurred. Thus, only after processing could it become clear which reflections came from within the rock. A three-dimensional survey of discontinuities in the rock requires accurate mapping of the rock surface by photogrammetric methods, to get a digital terrain model for the analysis of the GPR records. The results of repeated measurements have proved to be of essential relevance. They have shown that it is possible to reveal changes with time. For the interpretation of such observations, modeling is a very useful tool.  相似文献   

Using embodied HANPP to analyze teleconnections in the global land system: Conceptual considerations     

Helmut Haberl  Karl-Heinz Erb  Fridolin Krausmann  Stefan Berecz  Nikolaus Ludwiczek  Joan Martínez-Alier 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):119-130

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 109(2):119–130, 2009

In our rapidly globalizing world economy activities in one region have increasingly important effects on ecological, economic or social processes elsewhere, an effect which we here denote as ‘teleconnections’ between different regions. Biomass trade, one of the causes behind such teleconnections, is currently growing exponentially. Integrated analyses of changes in the global land system are high on the agenda of sustainability science, but a methodological framework for a consistent allocation of environmental burdens related to the consumption and production of biomass between regions has not been put forth to date. The concept of the ‘embodied human appropriation of net primary production’ (abbreviated ‘embodied HANPP’ or ‘eHANPP’) allows for the assessment of the ‘upstream’ effects on ecosystem energetics associated with a particular level of biomass consumption or with a given biomass-based product. This concept is based on HANPP and its two components: (1) productivity changes resulting from land conversion (ΔNPP_LC), and (2) harvest of biomass in ecosystems (NPP_h). HANPP, defined as the sum of ΔANPP_LC and NPP_h in any given territory, is indicative of the intensity with which humans use the land for their purposes. eHANPP is defined as the NPP appropriated in the course of biomass production, encompassing losses along the production chain as well as productivity changes induced through land conversion or harvest. By making the pressure exerted on ecosystems associated with imports and exports visible, eHANPP allows for the analysis of teleconnections between producing and consuming regions. This article puts forward the eHANPP concept, illustrates its utility for integrated socioecological land-change research based on top-down data on global HANPP and biomass consumption, and discusses the possibilities and challenges related to its quantification in bottom-up approaches.  相似文献   

M.F. Bode (ed.): Robotic Observatories. Wiley - Praxis Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics. X + 158 pp. 35.-GBP. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, 1995. ISBN 0–471–95690–2     

Karl-Heinz Schmidt 《Astronomische Nachrichten》1998,319(5):308-308

  相似文献   

Vergleichende Untersuchungen Uber Den Gehalt an Organischem Kohlenstoff im Meerwasser Und Demkaliumpermanganatverbrauch     

Szekielda  Karl-Heinz 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1968,32(1):17-24

  相似文献   

Das Problem Akmit-Ägirin     

Dr. Karl-Heinz Schüller 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1958,6(2):112-138

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erneut die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Farbe der Natriumeisenpyroxene und ihrer chemischen Konstitution aufgeworfen. Da die früheren Versuche, diese Frage auf analytischem Wege zu lösen, nicht zum Ziele geführt hatten, wurde hier das reine Endglied NaFe^IIIISi₂O₆ synthetisch hergestellt; in weiteren Versuchen wurden Na und Fe³⁺ durch andere Ionen zu einem kleinen Teil ersetzt und der Einfluß auf die Farbe ermitteltEs wurden Versuche durchgeführt, bei denen Na durch Ca oder Cd, Fe³⁺ durch Mg, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co, Ni oder Zn ersetzt wurde; bei weiteren Versuchen wurde anstelle von Fe³⁺ zu einem kleinen Teil sowohl eines der obengenannten 2wertigen Ionen als auch Ti⁴⁺ oder Zr⁴⁺ eingebaut. Die erhaltenen Mischkristalle wurden optisch und röntgenographisch untersucht.Zur näheren Charakterisierung dieser Mischglieder wurde in einer Reihe von Schliffen das Absorptionsspektrum in verschiedenen kristallographischen Richtungen bestimmt und mit den ebenfalls aufgenommenen Absorptionskurven von natürlichen Ägirinen verglichen.Auf Grund der synthetischen Versuche werden folgende Definitionen vorgeschlagen: Die Namen Akmit und Ägirin sollen weiterhin für Natriumeisenpyroxen nebeneinander beibehalten werden, wobei die Abgrenzung gegenüber Ägirinaugit gemäß dem Vorschlag vonTröger (2) vorgenommen werden kann. Für die Unterscheidung der beiden Varietäten soll gemäß den bisherigen Gepflogenheiten die Farbe maßgebend sein.Das reine Endglied NaFe^IIISi₂O₆ ist braun und muß deshalb als Akmit bezeichnet werden.Ferner sind mit Akmit die Mischkristalle zu bezeichnen, bei denen das Fe³⁺ durch Mn ersetzt ist, da auch diese Glieder braune Farbe aufweisen; die Ansicht vonGrout konnte also durch synthetische Versuche bestätigt werden.Die grüne Farbe der Ägirine in RichtungX undY wird durch die gleichzeitige Anwesenheit von 2- und 3wertigem Eisen hervorgerufen, so daß als Ägirin diejenigen Mischkristalle zu bezeichnen sind, bei denen 3wertiges Eisen durch zwertiges ersetzt ist. Der Einfluß des 2wertigen Eisens überwiegt dabei gegenüber dem Einfluß anderer Ionen.Das häufigere Auftreten des Ägirin gegenüber Akmit hat also seine Ursache darin, daß in der Natur 2wertiges Eisen praktisch stets vorhanden ist.Die Gitterkonstanten von Akmit und Ägirin sind im Bereich der hier erzielten Meßgenauigkeit gleich und wurden wie folgt bestimmt:a = 9,66 Åb = 879 Åc = 5,26 Å = 72,7 °Die Arbeit wurde gefördert durch eine Spende keramischen Materials zum Bau der Versuchsöfen, wofür ich auch an dieser Stelle der Fa. Stemag in Lauf meinen Dank aussprechen möchte.Der Fa. Elchem in Nürnberg danke ich für die Durchführung der Spektralanalysen sowie für die Anfertigung einer Aufnahme mit der Guinier-Kammer.Ferner danke ich dem Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Erlangen für Überlassung, bzw. Anfertigung einiger Substanzen.  相似文献   

The Application of a Chemical Model to Calculate the "Theoretical" Organic Carbon in Seawater     

Szekielda  Karl-Heinz 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1969,33(1):14-19

  相似文献