Spectra of a shallow sea—unmixing for class identification and monitoring of coastal waters     

Annelies Hommersom  Marcel R. Wernand  Steef Peters  Marieke A. Eleveld  Hendrik Jan van der Woerd  Jacob de Boer 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(4):463-480

Ocean colour-based monitoring of water masses is a promising alternative to monitoring concentrations in heterogeneous coastal seas. Fuzzy methods, such as spectral unmixing, are especially well suited for recognition of water masses from their remote sensing reflectances. However, such models have not yet been applied for water classification and monitoring. In this study, a fully constrained endmember model with simulated endmembers was developed for water class identification in the shallow Wadden Sea and adjacent German Bight. Its performance was examined on in situ measured reflectances and on MERIS satellite data. Water classification by means of unmixing reflectance spectra proved to be successful. When the endmember model was applied to MERIS data, it was able to visualise well-known spatial, tidal, seasonal, and wind-related variations in optical properties in the heterogeneous Wadden Sea. Analyses show that the method is insensitive to small changes in endmembers. Therefore, it can be applied in similar coastal areas. For use in open ocean situations or coastal or inland waters with other specific inherent optical properties, re-simulation of the endmember spectra with local optical properties is required. However, such an adaptation requires only a limited number of local in situ measurements.  相似文献   

Adjusting chlorophyll-a estimates through temporal weighting based on the seasonal development of phytobiomass     

R. L. France  R. H. Peters  Y. T. Prairie 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1994,56(2):106-114

North-temperate lakes have been shown to progress through a general cycle of chlorophyll-a phenology. Because estimates of seasonal means are often based on only a few samples collected against this variable background, these estimates can be biased or uncertain. Our goal was to reduce the seasonal uncertainty and thereby produce more accurate estimates of chlorophyll concentration by defining a correction for phenological development. Time-series data from 149 lake-years were used to develop equations from which chlorophyll values could be corrected to the seasonal mean in relation to their particular date of measurement. However, we found the seasonal correction to be ineffectual in reducing uncertainty about nutrient-response regressions. After reviewing a number of hypotheses, we conclude that the correction derived from the average response for many lakes will be inadequate to adjust for the seasonal pattern occurring within any particular lake. This occurs because the temporal weighting correction, generated through repeated averaging, underestimates the seasonal variability which exists among individual lakes. An effective correction, if it is developed will have to be based on patterns within single lakes or possibly different lakes within a single region.  相似文献   

Tephroite-hausmannite-galaxite from a granulite-facies manganese rock of the United Arab Emirates     

Edwin Gnos  Tjerk Peters 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,120(3-4):372-377

The assemblage tephroite-hausmannite_ss-galaxite_ss has been found in a granulite-facies manganese ore body associated with metabasites and quartzrich lithologies. The metamorphic rocks are located in the Khawr Fakkan massif near the northern end of the Semail Ophiolite, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), metamorphosed at 800–850°C and 6.5–9 kbar. The galaxite shows approximately 35% solid solution of hausmannite, similar to that reported for jacobsite and franklinite whereas the solid solution of galaxite in hausmannite is maximally 7%. The assemblage of tephroite-hausmannite and hausmannite-galaxite indicates a restricted log fO₂ of-9 to-11 which is outside the stability of braunite under similar physico-chemical conditions. The modal abundance of the minerals and bulk rock chemistry indicate that the present assemblage was formed from the breakdown of Fe-poor braunite_ss+hausmannite_ss.  相似文献   

Complementary wind sensing techniques: sodar and RASS     

G. Peters  H. J. Kirtzel 《Annales Geophysicae》1994,12(6):506-517

Radioacoustic sounding (RASS), normally used for temperature profiling, can also be applied for wind measurements. The RASS detects echoes of radar waves, which have been scattered at acoustic waves, and derives the sound velocity from the frequency shift. From the difference of sound velocities measured under different beam directions windprofiles can be determined. Ground clutter does not principally interfere with RASS echoes due to their big frequency shift. Therefore, RASS can supplement radar wind profilers at lower levels where clear-air echoes may be not detectable due to ground clutter. The upper measuring altitude of RASS is limited to a few thousand radar wavelengths by the sound absorption and by the drift of the focal spot of the RASS echo. A further alternative for low-level wind measurements is the Doppler sodar. It is less sensitive to ground clutter than radar, but the measuring height is also limited by sound absorption. It requires no frequency allocation and may therefore be the only choice at some locations. In Germany, Doppler sodars have been operating successfully on a routine basis for more than 10 years at several sites for environmental monitoring purposes.  相似文献   

Future trends in transport and fate of diffuse contaminants in catchments,with special emphasis on stable isotope applications     

Jeffrey Turner  Hans‐Jrgen Albrechtsen  Mike Bonell  Jean‐Pierre Duguet  Bob Harris  Rainer Meckenstock  Kevin McGuire  Roger Moussa  Norman Peters  Hans H. Richnow  Barbara Sherwood‐Lollar  Stefan Uhlenbrook  Henny van Lanen 《水文研究》2006,20(1):205-213

A summary is provided of the first of a series of proposed Integrated Science Initiative workshops supported by the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme. The workshop brought together hydrologists, environmental chemists, microbiologists, stable isotope specialists and natural resource managers with the purpose of communicating new ideas on ways to assess microbial degradation processes and reactive transport at catchment scales. The focus was on diffuse contamination at catchment scales and the application of compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) in the assessment of biological degradation processes of agrochemicals. Major outcomes were identifying the linkage between water residence time distribution and rates of contaminant degradation, identifying the need for better information on compound specific microbial degradation isotope fractionation factors and the potential of CSIA in identifying key degradative processes. In the natural resource management context, a framework was developed where CSIA techniques were identified as practically unique in their capacity to serve as distributed integrating indicators of process across a range of scales (micro to diffuse) of relevance to the problem of diffuse pollution assessment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

PCR‐based techniques to determine diet of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea): a comparison with morphological analysis          下载免费PDF全文

Kristian J. Peters  Kathy Ophelkeller    Herdina  Nathan J. Bott  Simon D. Goldsworthy 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(4):1428-1439

Comprehensive dietary information for the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is currently limited by the deficiency and poor quality of identifiable prey remains recovered from regurgitate and faeces and the difficulty of observing feeding in the wild. In this study, we investigated DNA‐based prey detection methods using conventional (end‐point) and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) on faeces collected from two captive Australian sea lions fed experimental diets of whole teleost fish, squid and shark tissue. PCR prey detection methods using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S genes combined with clone sequencing were compared with prey identified using traditional hard part analysis. The molecular results indicated that prey DNA was degraded. However, prey amplification was successful by targeting short (71 bp) DNA fragments. Both conventional PCR and qPCR techniques significantly increased prey detection compared with analysis of hard parts. For both sea lions, the hard part analysis was constrained by sporadic and extremely low recovery of fish otoliths (<2%), and cephalopod beaks were not recovered from the 116 squid fed. Comparisons between PCR techniques indicated comparable prey detection frequencies for all species tested; however, the sensitivity and greater resolution of qPCR improved prey detection by ~25% in one sea lion fed the experimental squid and perch. The detection of squid DNA ≤ 6 day post‐ingestion by qPCR further exhibits the ability and potential of this method to detect low concentrations of infrequent or pulse prey. This study highlights the use of DNA‐based analysis to detect prey taxa in the absence of identifiable hard prey remains.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variability in bio-optical properties of the Wadden Sea     

Annelies Hommersom  Steef Peters  Marcel R. Wernand  Jacob de Boer 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

The Wadden Sea, a shallow coastal area bordering the North Sea, is optically a complex area due to its shallowness, high turbidity and fast changes in concentrations of optically active substances. This study gathers information from the area on concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), on total absorption and beam attenuation, and on reflectances from the whole area. It examines the processes responsible for variations in these. Sampling took place at 156 stations in 2006 and 2007. At 37 locations also the specific inherent optical properties (SIOPs) were determined. Results showed large concentration ranges of 2–450 (g m^-3) for SPM, 2–67 (mg m^-3) for Chl-a, and 0–2.5 m⁻¹ for CDOM(440) absorption. Tides had a large influence on the SPM concentration, while Chl-a had a mainly seasonal pattern. Resuspension lead to a correlation between SPM and Chl-a. The absorption of CDOM had a spatial variability with extremely high values in the Dollard, although the slope of CDOM absorption spectra was comparable with that of the North Sea. The Chl-a specific pigment absorption proved to be influenced by phytoplankton species and specific absorption of non-algal particles at 440 nm was correlated with the mud content of the soil at the sample locations. SPM specific absorption was not found to correlate with any measured factor. As the concentrations of optically active substances changed, we also found spatial and temporal variability in the absorption, beam attenuation and reflectances. Reflectance spectra categorized in groups with decreasing station water depths and with extreme CDOM and SPM concentrations showed distinguishable shapes.  相似文献   

Authigenic carbonate burial in the Late Devonian–Early Mississippian Bakken Formation (Williston Basin,USA)     

Ben Davis Barnes  Jon M. Husson  Shanan E. Peters 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):2065-2094

Late Devonian (Famennian) marine successions globally are typified by organic-rich black shales deposited in anoxic and euxinic waters and the cessation of shelf carbonate sedimentation. This global ‘carbonate crisis’, known as the Hangenberg Event, coincides with a major extinction of reef-building metazoans and perturbations to the global carbon cycle, evidenced by positive carbon-isotope excursions of up to 4‰. It has been suggested that authigenic carbonate, formed as cements in sedimentary pore spaces during early burial diagenesis, is a significant mass fraction of the total global carbon burial flux, particularly during periods of low oxygen concentration. Because some authigenic carbonate could have originated from remineralization of organic carbon in sediments, it is possible for this reservoir to be isotopically depleted and thereby drive changes in the carbon isotopic composition of seawater. This study presents bulk isotopic and elemental analyses from fine-grained siliciclastics of the Late Devonian–Early Mississippian Bakken Formation (Williston Basin, USA) to assess the volume and isotopic composition of carbonates in these sediments. Carbonate in the Bakken black shales occurs primarily as microscopic disseminated dolomite rhombs and calcite cements that, together, comprise a significant mass-fraction (ca 9%). The elemental composition of the shales is indicative of a dynamic anoxic to sulphidic palaeoenvironment, likely supported by a fluctuating chemocline. Despite forming in an environment favourable to remineralization of organic matter and the precipitation of isotopically depleted authigenic carbonates, the majority of carbon isotope measurements of disseminated carbonate fall between −3‰ and +3‰, with systematically more depleted carbonates in the deeper-water portions of the basin. Thus, although there is evidence for a significant total mass-fraction of carbonate with contribution from remineralized organic matter, Bakken authigenic carbonates suggest that Famennian black shales are unlikely to be sufficiently ¹³C-depleted relative to water column dissolved inorganic carbon to serve as a major lever on seawater isotopic composition.  相似文献   

Temporal trends of bulk precipitation and stream water chemistry (1977–1997) in a small forested area,Krusné hory,northern Bohemia,Czech Republic     

N. E. Peters  Jiri Cerny  Miroslav Havel  Radovan Krejci 《水文研究》1999,13(17):2721-2741

The Krusné hory (Erzgebirge or Ore Mountains) has been heavily affected by high atmospheric pollutant deposition caused by fossil fuel combustion in an adjacent Tertiary coal basin. Long‐term routine sampling of bulk precipitation (1977–1996) and stream water (1977–1998) in a forested area on the south‐eastern slope of the mountains were used to evaluate trends and patterns in solute concentration and flux with respect to controlling processes. From 1977 to 1996, the annual volume‐weighted Ca²⁺ and SOconcentrations decreased in bulk precipitation. However, after 1989, when a pronounced and continuous decrease occurred in coal production, annual volume‐weighted concentrations decreased for most solutes, except H⁺. The concentration decreases were marked, with 1996 levels at or below 50% of those in 1989. The lack of a trend in H⁺ is attributed to similar decreases in both acid anions and neutralizing base cations. Stream water concentrations of most solutes, i.e. H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SONOwere highest at the onset of sampling in 1977, decreased markedly from 1977 to 1983 and decreased more gradually from 1983 to 1998. The spruce forest die‐back and removal reduced dry deposition of these solutes by reducing the filtering action, which was provided by the forest canopy. A notable decrease in stream water Ca²⁺ concentrations occurred after 1995 and may be due to the depletion of Ca²⁺, which was provided by catchment liming in 1986, 1988 and 1989. Solute flux trends in bulk atmospheric deposition and stream water generally were not significant and the lack of trend is attributed to the large interannual variability in precipitation quantity and runoff, respectively. All solutes except Na⁺ varied seasonally. The average seasonal concentrations varied between the solutes, but for most solutes were highest in winter and spring and lowest in summer, correlating with the seasonal trend in runoff. For Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and SOthe concentration minimum occurs in September and the maximum occurs in February or March, correlating with the seasonal baseflow. These solutes are primarily controlled by the contribution of soil water and groundwater to stream flow. During snowmelt, the meltwater generally causes concentrations to decrease as soil water and groundwater are diluted. For NO₃ , average minimum concentrations occur in August at the end of the growing season concurrent with the lowest stream flow, and the maximum occurs in February and March with high stream flow during snowmelt. Seasonal stream water NOconcentration variations are large compared with the long‐term decrease. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

美国内华达Goldstrike矿区卡林型贝茨金矿同变形的富矿分带   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stephen G. Peters  Gregory C. Ferdock  Maria B. Woitsekhowskay  Robert Leonardson  Jerry Rahn 《地质找矿论丛》2000,15(1):1-16

贝茨金矿是卡林金矿带在的卡林型矿床,由多个高品位富矿体组成。金矿体产于不纯的碳酸盐岩角砾岩和侵入体中,明显受构造控制,矿体显示出同变形热液沉淀特征。在ＮＷＷ向的ＤＤＺ剪切褶皱构造带中,贝茨金矿的富矿构成空间上的分带形式,主要的富矿类型有含金红石的硅质富矿,伊利石－粘土－黄放富矿,含雄黄、雌黄的富矿,含辉锑矿的硅质富矿和多金属富矿。研究表明,成矿溶液为弱－中等盐度,在构造活动期上升并冷却。变形时水－  相似文献