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71.
Water is one of the most critical resources in China. Climate change and soil degradation will be two major, interrelated environmental challenges faced by managers of water resources in coming decades. In this study, we used a water-balance model and updated databases to assess the interacting impacts of climate change and soil degradation on Chinas future water resources. We plotted the spatial pattern of changes in actual and potential evapotranspiration, soil moisture deficits, and surface runoff across China in the 2020s using a resolution of 0.5° latitude and longitude under scenarios based on climate change, soil degradation, and a combination of the two. The results showed that climate change would affect the magnitude and spatial pattern of water resources on a national scale. Some regions in central, southwestern, and northeastern China would become more vulnerable to disastrous drought and floods as a result of soil degradation. Under the combined impacts of climate change and soil degradation, soil moisture deficits would increase most in central, western, and southwestern China; surface runoff would increase most in southeastern China. More detailed process-based models are needed to capture feedback mechanisms more effectively. 相似文献
72.
Takuya Matsuda Makoto Makita Hidekazu Fujiwara Takizo Nagae Kei Haraguchi Eiji Hayashi H.M.J. Boffin 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2000,274(1-2):259-273
The history of hydrodynamic numerical simulations for accretion disks in close binary systems is reviewed, in which emphasis
is placed, in particular, on the facts that spiral shock waves were numerically found in 1986 by researchers including one
of the present authors and that spiral structure was discovered in IP Pegasi in 1997 by Steeghs et al. The results of our two and three-dimensional numerical simulations in recent years are then summarized, with comparison being
made with observations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
73.
Yukiyoshi Iwata Tomoyoshi Hirota Masaki Hayashi Shinji Suzuki Shuichi Hasegawa 《水文研究》2010,24(13):1755-1765
Despite the potential impact of winter soil water movements in cold regions, relatively few field studies have investigated cold‐season hydrological processes that occur before spring‐onset of snowmelt infiltration. The contribution of soil water fluxes in winter to the annual water balance was evaluated over 5 years of field observations at an agricultural field in Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan. In two of the winters, soil frost reached a maximum depth of 0·2 m (‘frozen’ winters), whereas soil frost was mostly absent during the remaining three winters (‘unfrozen’ winters). Significant infiltration of winter snowmelt water, to a depth exceeding 1·0 m, occurred during both frozen and unfrozen winters. Such infiltration ranged between 126 and 255 mm, representing 28–51% of total annual soil water fluxes. During frozen winters, a substantial quantity of water (ca 40 mm) was drawn from deeper layers into the 0–0·2 m topsoil layer when this froze. Under such conditions, the progression and regression of the freezing front, regulated by the thickness of snow cover, controlled the quantity of soil water flux below the frozen layer. During unfrozen winters, 13–62 mm of water infiltrated to a depth of 0·2 m, before the spring snowmelt. These results indicate the importance of correctly evaluating winter soil water movement in cold regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
74.
Tae-Soo Pyo Masahiko Hayashi Naoto Kobayashi Alan T. Tokunaga Hiroshi Terada Miwa Goto Takuya Yamashita Yoichi Itoh Hideki Takami Naruhisa Takato Yutaka Hayano Wolfgang Gaessler Yukiko Kamata Yosuke Minowa Masanori Iye 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,287(1-4):21-24
We present high angular resolution spectra taken along the jets from L1551 IRS 5 and DG Tau obtained with the Subaru Telescope. The position-velocity diagrams of the [Fe II] λ 1.644 μmemission line revealed remarkably similar characteristics for the two sources, showing two distinct velocity components separated from each other in both velocity and space with the entire emission range blueshifted with respect to the stellar velocity. The high velocity component (HVC) has a velocity of –200 ––300 km s-1 with a narrow line width, while the low velocity component (LVC) is around –100 km s-1 exhibitinig a broad line width. The HVC is located farther away from the origin and is more extended than the LVC. Our results suggest that the HVC is a well-collimated jet originating from the region close to the star, while the LVC is a widely-opened wind accelerated in the region near the inner edge of the accretion disk. 相似文献
75.
Characteristic time scales relevant to the accumulation of planetesimals in a gaseous nebula are examined and the accumulation toward the planets is simulated by numerically solving a growth equation for a mass distribution function. The eccentricity and inclination of planetesimals are assumed to be determined by a balance between excitation due to mutual gravitational scattering and dissipation due to gas drag. Two kinds of mass motion in the radial direction, i.e., diffusion due to mutual scattering and inward flow due to gas drag, are both taken into account. The diffusion is shown to be effective in later stages with a result of accelerating the accumulation. As to the coalescent collision cross section, the usual formula for a binary encounter in a free space is used but the effect of tidal disruption which increases substantially the cross section is taken into account. Numerical results show that the gravitational enhancement factor (i.e., the so-called “Safronov number”), contained in the cross section formula, always takes a value of the order of unity but the accumulation proceeds relatively rapidly owing to the effects of radial diffusion and tidal disruption. That is, a proto-Earth, a proto-Jupiter, and a proto-Saturn with masses of 1×1027 g are formed in 5×106, 1×107, and 1.6×108 years, respectively. Also, a tentative numerical computation for the Neptune formation shows that a proto-Neptune with the same mass requires a long accumulation time, 4.6×109 years. Finally, the other effects which are expected to reduce the above growth times further are discussed. 相似文献
76.
77.
78.
Takahisa Furuichi Nobutomo Osanai Shin-ichiro Hayashi Norihiro Izumi Tomoko Kyuka Yasuhiro Shiono Tomoyoshi Miyazaki Tomoya Hayakawa Norihiro Nagano Naoki Matsuoka 《Landslides》2018,15(8):1645-1655
In August 2016, Typhoon 1610 (Lionrock) caused heavy rainfall in Hokkaido, which led to the discharge of a large volume of sediment and water from catchments on the eastern slope of the northern Hidaka Range. The eight catchments examined in this study are characterized by granitic lithology and late Pleistocene periglacial landforms with weakly cohesive, low-resistance periglacial debris thickly covering the weathered bedrocks. This characteristic of the landscape presumably provided a transport-limited condition where some debris flows were initiated by shallow landslides. As they moved, the debris flows grew larger through mobilization and erosion of sediment in channel beds and sidewalls. This sediment mobilization and erosion continued for an extensive distance along the course of the river. Morphological changes induced by channel aggradation and bank erosion were considerable and distinctive from upstream to downstream. Granitic periglacial sediments are amply present on the mountain slopes, river channels, and river banks in the area, likely due to the rarity of intensive rainfall events. These distinctive features of fossil periglacial catchments are important for disaster prevention and catchment-scale sediment management in sub-boreal areas, particularly in the context of climate change, which may generate more frequent and intensive rainfall events. 相似文献
79.
80.
We studied the morphological and biochemical changes of mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) of a demersal teleost, Paralichthys olivaceus, during exposure to 0.98, 2.97 and 4.95 kPa pCO2. The apical opening area of MRCs increased 2.2 and 4.1 times by 24 h exposure to 2.97 and 4.95 kPa pCO2, respectively, while the cross-sectional area or density of MRCs did not change. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity more than doubled at 72 h and then returned to the pre-exposure level at 168 h in 0.98 kPa pCO2, while it increased 1.7 times at 24 h at 4.95 kPa. These results indicate that the apical opening area of MRCs and the gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity may be used as an indicator of acute (up to 72 h), but not chronic, impacts of high (>1 kPa) seawater CO2 conditions in P. olivacues. Limitations of those parameters as indices of CO2 impacts are discussed. 相似文献