Climate and vegetation water use efficiency at catchment scales   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Peter A. Troch  Guillermo F. Martinez  Valentijn R. N. Pauwels  Matej Durcik  Murugesu Sivapalan  Ciaran Harman  Paul D. Brooks  Hoshin Gupta  Travis Huxman 《水文研究》2009,23(16):2409-2414

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A retrospective analysis of contamination and periphyton PICT patterns for the antifoulant irgarol 1051, around a small marina on the Swedish west coast     

Blanck H  Eriksson KM  Grönvall F  Dahl B  Guijarro KM  Birgersson G  Kylin H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(2):230-237

Irgarol is a triazine photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor that has been used in Sweden as an antifouling ingredient since the 1990s. Early microcosm studies indicated that periphyton was sensitive to irgarol at concentrations regularly found in harbours and marinas. However, field studies of irgarol effects on the Swedish west coast in 1994, using the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach, failed to detect any effects of the toxicant in the field. A PICT study involves sampling of replicate communities in a gradient of contamination, and a comparison of their community tolerance levels, with an increase being an indication that sensitive species have been eliminated and replaced by more tolerant ones. Typically, short-term assays are used to quantify the community tolerance levels. Later PICT studies in the same area over a 10 year period demonstrate that irgarol tolerance levels have increased, although the contamination pattern has been stable. Our results support the hypothesis that that the PICT potential was low initially, due to a small differential sensitivity between the community members, and that a persistent selection pressure was required to favour and enrich irgarol-tolerant species or genotypes.  相似文献   

Transverse dune trailing ridges and vegetation succession     

Patrick A. Hesp  M.L. &#x;Marisa&#x; Martinez 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):205-213

We describe the evolution of, and vegetation succession on, a previously undescribed landform: transverse dune trailing ridges at El Farallón transgressive dunefield in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Three-dimensional clinometer/compass and tape topographic surveys were conducted in conjunction with 1 m² contiguous percent cover and presence/absence vegetation survey transects at eight locations across two adjacent trailing ridges. At the study site, and elsewhere, the transverse dune trailing ridges are formed by vegetation colonization of the lateral margins of active transverse, barchanoidal transverse, and aklé or network dunes. For simplicity, all trailing ridges formed from these dune types are referred to as transverse dune trailing ridges. Because there are several transverse dunes in the dunefield, multiple trailing ridges can be formed at one time. Two adjacent trailing ridges were examined. The shortest length ridge was 70 m long, and evolving from a 2.5 m-high transverse dune, while the longer ridge was 140 m long, and evolving from an 8 m-high dune. Trailing ridge length is a proxy measure of ridge age, since the longer the ridge, the greater the length of time since initial formation. With increasing age or distance upwind, species diversity increased, as well as species horizontal extent and percent cover. In turn, the degree of bare sand decreased. Overall, the data indicate a successional trend in the vegetation presence and cover with increasing age upwind. Those species most tolerant to burial (Croton and Palafoxia) begin the process of trailing ridge formation. Ipomoea and Canavalia are less tolerant to burial and also are typically the next colonizing species. Trachypogon does not tolerate sand burial or deposition very well and only appears after significant stabilization has taken place. The ridges display a moderately defined successional sequence in plant colonization and percentage cover with time (and upwind distance). They are significant geomorphologically as a unique landform in transgressive dunefields, and also because they may be the only remaining indication of transverse dune presence, and net dune migration direction once the dunefield is stabilized and in a final evolutionary state.  相似文献   

Exploring the gamma-ray horizon with the next generation of gamma-ray telescopes. Part 2: Extracting cosmological parameters from the observation of gamma-ray sources     

O. Blanch  M. Martinez   《Astroparticle Physics》2005,23(6):598-607

The potential of the new generation Cherenkov telescopes to measure the energy spectrum of both, the already established extragalactic very high energy γ-ray emitters and the best very high energy candidates from the EGRET catalogue is discussed. By a realistic simulation of the analysis of the expected extrapolated energy spectra, it is shown that the foreseen capability and precision of these instrument to measure the gamma-ray horizon may open the door to competitive measurements of the cosmological parameters.  相似文献   

Effect of the thermal gradient variation through geological time on basin modeling; a case study: The Paris basin     

L. Amir  L. Martinez  J.R. Disnar  J.-L. Vigneresse  R. Michels  F. Guillocheau  C. Robin 《Tectonophysics》2005,400(1-4):227-240

Many studies investigated the thermal modeling of the Paris basin for petroleum interests during the 1970s. Most of the softwares developed by oil companies or research centers were based on the assumption of a constant thermal gradient. In order to take into consideration the variation of the thermal gradient during basin evolution, we developed the TherMO's Visual Basic 1D program. We applied our model to twenty boreholes located along a cross-section roughly running EW over 150 km in the center of the Paris basin. The numerical results were calibrated with organic matter maturity data. TherMO's simulates the amount of heat provided to the sedimentary organic matter. The heat parameter simulated shows lateral variation along the cross-section. It decreases from Rambouillet to Trou Aux Loups boreholes (87–66 mW/m²) at about 100 km more to the east whereas the heat flux value simulated is 73 mW/m² in St. Loup borehole. The mean thermal gradient calculated for liassic horizons at 87 My for the Rambouillet well is 50.4 °C/km. This value is similar to previously published results. By integrating the calculation of the thermal gradients and conductivities related to the burial of each stratigraphic sequence, our approach points out variations in the thermal regimes the sedimentary organic matter (SOM) has been subjected to through geological time.  相似文献   

Undiscovered Petroleum Accumulation Mapping Using Model-Based Stochastic Simulation   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Zhuoheng Chen  Kirk G. Osadetz 《Mathematical Geology》2006,38(1):1-16

Stochastic simulation has been proven to be a useful tool for revealing uncertainties in petroleum exploration and exploitation. The application to petroleum resource assessment would result in predicted potential accumulations with geographic locations, a desirable feature for improving both resource management and exploration efficiency. The associated uncertainties with the prediction provide information useful for exploration risk analysis. This attempt has been encumbered by two typical technical difficulties: biased observation data and lack of information with respect to the undiscovered accumulation locations. In this paper we propose a model-based simulation approach, in which models are used to perform unbiased parameter estimation from biased data and to facilitate the location of undiscovered petroleum accumulations based on reasoning of available geological and geophysical observations. The Fourier transform algorithm is chosen for the simulation because the spatial correlation and location-specific features can be studied separately from different data sources and integrated in the simulation in a frequency domain. The proposed approach is illustrated by an example from the Rainbow petroleum play in the West Canadian Sedimentary Basin. In the application example, a pre-1994 exploration history data set was used as input, and the predictions are then checked against the locations of post-1993 exploratory drilling results. The comparison of the predictions from the proposed approach and the traditional conditional simulation shows that the model-based approach captures the essentials of geological controls on the spatial distribution of petroleum accumulation, thus improving the projections of undiscovered petroleum accumulations.  相似文献   

The rapidly oscillating Ap star HD 99563 and its distorted dipole pulsation mode     

G. Handler  W. W. Weiss  R. R. Shobbrook  E. Paunzen  A. Hempel  S. K. Anguma  P. C. Kalebwe  D. Kilkenny  P. Martinez  M. B. Moalusi  R. Garrido  R. Medupe 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,366(1):257-266

We undertook a time-series photometric multisite campaign for the rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star HD 99563 and also acquired mean light observations over four seasons. The pulsations of the star, which show flatter light maxima than minima, can be described with a frequency quintuplet centred on 1557.653 μHz and some first harmonics of it. The amplitude of the pulsation is modulated with the rotation period of the star that we determine with 2.91179 ± 0.00007 d from the analysis of the stellar pulsation spectrum and of the mean light data. We break up the distorted oscillation mode into its pure spherical harmonic components and find it is dominated by the ℓ= 1 pulsation, and also has a notable ℓ= 3 contribution, with weak ℓ= 0 and 2 components. The geometrical configuration of the star allows us to see both pulsation poles for about the same amount of time; HD 99563 is only the fourth roAp star for which both pulsation poles are seen and only the third where the distortion of the pulsation modes has been modelled. We point out that HD 99563 is very similar to the well-studied roAp star HR 3831. Finally, we note that the visual companion of HD 99563 is located in the δ Scuti instability strip and may thus show pulsation. We show that if the companion was physical, the roAp star would be a 2.03-M_⊙, object, seen at a rotational inclination of 44°, which then predicts a magnetic obliquity     .  相似文献   

Relationship between electrical conductivity, <Superscript>18</Superscript>O of water and NO<Subscript>3</Subscript> content in different streamflow stages     

Carolina Calvi  Cristina Dapeña  Daniel E. Martinez  Orlando M. Quiroz Londoño 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(6):248

The Ballenera Creek has 160 km² being a small catchment in the Pampa Plain in Argentina. This area has been deeply modified by human action through agricultural activities. From 2013 to 2017, electrical conductivity, stable isotopes of water and nitrate concentration monitoring program were conducted. The sampling included weekly and bimonthly samples in two sites along the stream, several groundwater wells and monthly precipitation. Chemical and isotopic tracers are used to discriminate the streamflow components and to evaluate their incidence in the nitrate concentration. The easiest conceptual model for gaining streams contemplates two main elements: direct runoff and groundwater (baseflow and pre-event water). The direct runoff has the lowest electrical conductivity and ¹⁸O_w variable content. The baseflow component is characterized by the highest electrical conductivity and isotope composition quite constant. Finally, pre-event water has an intermediate electrical conductivity and isotopic content close to the rainfall-weighted average composition. The nitrate concentration obtained was in general related to the different stream stages and was a useful indicator to evaluate the fertilization in agricultural zones.  相似文献   

Producing time series of river water height by means of satellite radar altimetry—a comparative study     

Emmanuel Roux  Joecila Santos da Silva  Augusto Cesar Vieira Getirana  Marie-Paule Bonnet  Stéphane Calmant  Jean-Michel Martinez 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):104-120

Abstract

Satellite radar altimetry is complementary to in situ limnimetric surveys as a means of estimating the water height of large rivers, lakes and flood plains. Production of water height time series by satellite radar altimetry technology requires first the selection of radar ground target locations corresponding to water body surfaces under study, i.e. the definition of “virtual limnimetric stations”. We propose to investigate qualitative and quantitative differences between three representative virtual station creation methodologies: (a) a fully manual method, (b) a semi-automatic method based on a land cover characterization that allows the water body surface under study to be located; and (c) an original fully automatic procedure that exploits a digital elevation model and an estimation of the river width. The results yielded by these three methods are comparable: maximum absolute magnitudes of water height differences being 0.46, 0.26 and 0.15 m for, respectively, 95, 90 and 80% of the water height values obtained. Moreover, more than 67% and 92% of time series jointly produced by the methods present root mean square differences lower than 20 and 50 cm, respectively. The results show that the fully automatic method developed herein provides as reliable results as the fully manual one. This opens the way to use of satellite radar altimetry for the generation of water height time series on a large scale, and considerably extends the applicability of satellite radar altimetry in hydrology.

Citation Roux, E., Santos da Silva, J., Vieira Getirana, A. C., Bonnet, M.-P., Calmant, S., Martinez, J.-M. & Seyler, F. (2010) Producing time series of river water height by means of satellite radar altimetry—comparative study. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(1), 104–120.  相似文献   

7000 years of paleostorm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea in response to Holocene climate events     

Pierre Sabatier  Laurent Dezileau  Christophe Colin  Louis Briqueu  Frédéric Bouchette  Philippe Martinez  Giuseppe Siani  Olivier Raynal  Ulrich Von Grafenstein 《Quaternary Research》2012,77(1):1-11

A high-resolution record of paleostorm events along the French Mediterranean coast over the past 7000 years was established from a lagoonal sediment core in the Gulf of Lions. Integrating grain size, faunal analysis, clay mineralogy and geochemistry data with a chronology derived from radiocarbon dating, we recorded seven periods of increased storm activity at 6300–6100, 5650–5400, 4400–4050, 3650–3200, 2800–2600, 1950–1400 and 400–50 cal yr BP (in the Little Ice Age). In contrast, our results show that the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1150–650 cal yr BP) was characterised by low storm activity.The evidence for high storm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea is in agreement with the changes in coastal hydrodynamics observed over the Eastern North Atlantic and seems to correspond to Holocene cooling in the North Atlantic. Periods of low SSTs there may have led to a stronger meridional temperature gradient and a southward migration of the westerlies. We hypothesise that the increase in storm activity during Holocene cold events over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions was probably due to an increase in the thermal gradient that led to an enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity over a large Central Atlantic–European domain.  相似文献