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111.
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113.
Characteristics and climatic sensitivities of runoff from a cold‐type glacier on the Tibetan Plateau
Model calculations are made in order to understand the characteristics and response to climate change of runoff from a cold glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. Some 20% of meltwater is preserved at the snow–ice boundary due to refreezing, since the glaciers in mid to northern Tibet are sufficiently cooled during the previous winter. Sensitivity to alterations in meteorological parameters has revealed that a change in air temperature would cause not only an increase in melting by sensible heat, but also a drastic increase in melting due to lowering of the albedo, since some of the snowfall changes to rainfall. In addition, it was suggested that a decrease in precipitation would cause a lowering of the surface albedo, with a resulting increase in the contribution of glacier runoff to the total runoff of river water. This study shows the first quantitative evaluation of the above effects, though they have been suggested qualitatively. The seasonal sensitivity of glacier runoff was examined by changing the dates given for a meteorological perturbation for a period of only 5 days. It was revealed that changes in both air temperature and precipitation during the melting season strongly affected glacier runoff by changing the surface albedo, though these perturbations only slightly altered the annual averages. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
114.
Koji Suzuki Akira KuwataNaoki Yoshie Akira Shibata Kyoko KawanobeHiroaki Saito 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(5):575-589
We characterized the community composition of phytoplankton in the western subarctic Pacific from the pre-bloom to the decline phase of the spring bloom with special reference to decreases in the silicic acid concentration in surface waters as an index for diatom bloom development. Furthermore, responses of heterotrophic bacteria and viruses to the spring bloom were also concomitantly investigated. Under pre-bloom conditions when nutrients were abundant but the surface mixed layer depth was relatively deep, chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations were consistently low and green algae (chlorophytes and prasinophytes), cryptophytes, and diatoms were predominant in the phytoplankton assemblages as estimated by algal pigment signatures. Together with the shallowing of the mixed layer depth and the decrease in silicic acid concentration, diatoms bloomed remarkably in the Oyashio region, though the magnitude of the bloom in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (hereafter Transition) region was relatively small. A total of 77 diatom species were identified, with the bloom-forming diatoms mainly consisting of Thalassiosira, Chaetoceros, and Fragilariopsis species. It has become evident that the carotenoid fucoxanthin can serve as a strong indicator of the diatom carbon biomass during the spring diatom bloom. Differences in the species richness of diatoms among stations generally enabled us to separate the Oyashio bloom stations from the Transition and the Oyashio pre-bloom stations. Relatively high values of the Shannon-Wiener index for the diatom species were also maintained during the Oyashio bloom, indicating that a wide variety of species then shared dominance. In the decline phase of the Oyashio bloom when surface nutrient concentrations decreased, senescent diatom cells increased, as inferred from the levels of chlorophyllide a. Although the cell density of heterotrophic bacteria changed little with the development of the diatom bloom, viral abundance increased toward the end of the bloom, suggesting an increased likelihood of mortality among organisms including diatoms resulting from viral infection. This is the first report on the microbial trophodynamics, including viruses, during the spring diatom bloom in the western subarctic Pacific. 相似文献
115.
Hitoshi Hasegawa Takashi Ichikawa Shinsuke Abe Shiomo Hamamura Koji Ohnishi Jun-Ich Watanabe 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1997,78(1-3):353-358
Near-infrared photometric and polarimetric observations of comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1) using KONIC (Kiso Observatory Near-Infrared
Camera) are reported. Observations were carried out on March 18 UT and April 26 UT 1997, when the heliocentric distances of
the comet were 0.94 and 1.02 AU, and the phase angles were 48.5 deg and 32.9 deg, respectively. In the J, H, and K′ bands,
we obtained linear polarization of the near-nucleus region of 16.4 ± 1.2, 18.8 ± 1.3, and 15.1 ± 0.9 percent on March 18UT
and 7.1 ± 1.1, 8.9 ± 1.0, and 6.9 ± 0.6 percent on April 26, respectively. These values were higher than those observed for
1P/Halley. The maximum polarization was found at H band on both dates. Polarization maps showed higher polarization regions
toward the anti-solar direction in the J and H bands. No distinct correlation was found between high polarization regions
and bright regions. The projected expansion velocity of the arc structure of the dust jet was 375 ± 35.7 m/s on 17–19 March.
The periodicity was found to be 11.1 ± 2.8 hours.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
116.
Nguyen Tai Tue Hideki Hamaoka Atsushi Sogabe Tran Dang Quy Mai Trong Nhuan Koji Omori 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(5):1475-1486
In this study, two sediment cores (~70 cm) were collected from separate mangrove forests straddling the Ba Lat Estuary, Red
River of northern Vietnam, to examine the origins of sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) and reconstruct the paleoenvironment.
In addition, mangrove leaves and particulate organic matter were collected and measured for δ13C to trace the origins of SOC. The cores were analyzed by high-resolution sections for δ13C, TOC, C/N ratios, sediment grain size, water content, and porosity, with values of δ13C, TOC, and C/N ratios ranging from −28.19 to −22.5‰, 2.14–30.94 mg/g, and 10.29–18.32, respectively. The δ13C and TOC relationship indicated that there were some small residual effects of diagenetic processes on TOC and δ13C values in mangrove sediments. However, the shifts of δ13C and C/N ratios from the bottom to the surface sediment of the cores explained the change in organic matter sources, with
values of C/N > 12 and δ13C < −25‰, and C/N < 12 and δ13C > −25‰ indicated terrestrial (e.g., mangrove litter) and marine phytoplankton sources, respectively. The covarying δ13C, C/N ratios, and sediment grain sizes during the past 100 years in sediment cores showed that the paleoenvironment may be
reconstructed into three environments (subtidal, tidal flat, and intertidal mangrove). General trends in δ13C and C/N followed a gradual increase in the C/N ratio and a concomitant decrease in δ13C from the subtidal, through to tidal flat, and to the intertidal mangrove. δ13C and C/N ratios are therefore effective in measuring the continuum of environmental change in mangrove ecosystem. 相似文献
117.
Tsuyoshi Yoshioka Michinobu Furukawa Koji Yoshizaki Ryuji Matsuhashi Yoshikuni Yoshida 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(5):677-683
Recently, energy service providers (ESP) have increased due to deregulation in the power market. They install energy supply
equipment at their own cost and supply the necessary energy to the client. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government started Asia’s
first cap-and-trade program in April 2010. This program caps energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from some 1,330 offices
and factories in Tokyo. Then, ESPs have to manage the many risks of energy service project directly linked to the profits.
In this paper, we describes the risk analysis and investment optimization for energy service projects using financial engineering. 相似文献
118.
The imperative need to protect structures in mountainous areas against rockfall has led to the development of various protection methods. This study introduces a new type of rockfall protection fence made of posts, wire ropes, wire netting and energy absorbers. The performance of this rock fence was verified in both experiments and dynamic finite element analysis. In collision tests, a reinforced-concrete block rolled down a natural slope and struck the rock fence at the end of the slope. A specialized system of measuring instruments was employed to accurately measure the acceleration of the block without cable connection. In particular, the performance of two energy absorbers, which contribute also to preventing wire ropes from breaking, was investigated to determine the best energy absorber. In numerical simulation, a commercial finite element code having explicit dynamic capabilities was employed to create models of the two full-scale tests. To facilitate simulation, certain simplifying assumptions for mechanical data of each individual component of the rock fence and geometrical data of the model were adopted. Good agreement between numerical simulation and experimental data validated the numerical simulation. Furthermore, the results of numerical simulation helped highlight limitations of the testing method. The results of numerical simulation thus provide a deeper understanding of the structural behavior of individual components of the rock fence during rockfall impact. More importantly, numerical simulations can be used not only as supplements to or substitutes for full-scale tests but also in parametric study and design. 相似文献
119.
120.
A three-dimensional (3-D) finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) was used for the study of water cir culation and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali Island. The M2 tidal component was forced in open boundary and discharge from six rivers was included in the numerical calculation. The M2 tidal elevation produced by the FVCOM has a good agreement with the observation data. The M2 tidal current is also suc cessfully calculated under the ebb tide and flood tide conditions. The non-linear M2 tidal residual current was produced by the coastline geometry, especially surrounding the narrow strait between the Serangan Is- land and the Benoa Peninsula. The tidal residual current also generated two small eddies within the bay and one small eddy in the bay mouth. The salinity distribution influenced by river discharge could be success- fully calculated, where the numerical calculation and the observation results have a good correlation (r2) of 0.75. Finally in order to examine the seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, the Lagrangian particle tracking method and calculation of residence time are applied. The mechanism of particle transport to the flushing of seawater is depicted clearly by both methods. 相似文献