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51.
52.
Patterns in seasonal abundance (no. per m2 surface area), growth and biomass (g per m2 surface area) of an annual fish, the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (L.) were investigated in a marsh and more seaward bay region of Essex Bay, Massachusetts from August 1976 to May 1978 using a quantitative beach seining technique. Silverside abundance varied greatly by season and year class during the study period. Abundance was high in 1976 but winter mortality (99%) left an adult density of only .01 per m2 surface area in the marsh during spring 1977. Resultant 1977 year class density in the marsh was 1.88 per m2 by late fall 1977 but winter mortality again produced an adult density of .01 per m2 in spring 1978. Abundance was generally higher in the marsh than in the bay region especially during spring and late fall when catches in the bay were negligible. Based on catch rate comparisons, the summer and fall juvenile abundance of the 1976 year class was much higher than the juvenile abundance of the 1977 year class. Coincidentally, mean lengths and condition of the abundant 1976 year class in the late fall were significantly lower than those of the 1977 year class, suggesting density dependent population regulation. In both years, juveniles grew rapidly and reached full adult size by November when an offshore movement to deeper waters outside Essex Bay occurred. Biomass peaked in the marsh region in late fall 1977 at 7.8 g per m2 wet weight. Winter mortality was size selective, favoring larger individuals. The annual life history design of M. menidia including an offshore winter movement and high winter mortality suggests that silversides represent an important pathway of energy flow from marsh to offshore trophic systems. 相似文献
53.
54.
Gerald M. Ross 《Precambrian Research》1983,20(2-4)
The Hornby Bay Group is a Middle Proterozoic 2.5 km-thick succession of terrestrial siliciclastics overlain by marine siliciclastics and carbonates. A sequence of conglomeratic and arenaceous rocks at the base of the group contains more than 500 m of mature hematitic quartz arenite interpreted to have been deposited by migrating aeolian bedforms. Bedforms and facies patterns of modern aeolian deposits provided a basis for recognizing two sequences of aeolian arenite. Both sequences interfinger with alluvial—wadi fan conglomerates and arenites deposited by braided streams. Depositional processes, facies patterns and paleotopographic position of the arenites are consistent with modern sand sea dynamics.Distal aeolian facies in both sequences are composed of trough crossbed megasets deposited by climbing, sinuous-crested, transverse dunes. Megasets comprise a gradational assemblage of tabular to wedge-planar cosets formed by deflation/reactivation of dune lee slopes and migration of smaller superposed aeolian bedforms (small dunes and wind ripples). Megasets in the proximal facies are thinner, display composite internal stratification and have a tabular-planar geometry which suggests that they were formed by smaller, straight-crested transverse dunes. Most stratification within the crossbeds is inferred to have formed by the downwind climbing of aeolian ripples across the lee slopes of dunes.Remarkably few Precambrian aeolian deposits have been reported previously. This seems anomalous, because most Precambrian fluvial sediments appear to have been deposited by low sinuosity (braided) streams, the emergent parts of which are prime areas for aeolian deflation. Frequent floods and rapid lateral migration of Precambrian humid climate fluvial systems probably restricted aeolianite deposition to arid paleoclimates. Thus the apparent anomaly may reflect non-recognition and/or non-preservation of aeolianites and/or variations in some aspect of sand sea formation and migration unique to the Precambrian. Reconstruction of the Hornby Bay Group aeolianites using recently developed criteria for their recognition suggests that the latter reason did not exert a strong influence. 相似文献
55.
Prior to the penetration of the European capitalist economy into central and northern Australia, the Aboriginal mode of production was one of hunting and gathering. Spiritual, economic and social relationships betwen people and land produced a spatial distribution of small bands of people living on their traditional lands. To the incoming white settlers the low population density and type of land use appeared uneconomic. This observation was used as ideological justification for the expropriation and development of the land for commercial pastoralism. This paper discusses the articulation of the Aboriginal and European modes of production in the East Kimberley region of northwest Australia. It argues that the introduced capitalist economy virtually destroyed the Aboriginal means of subsistence, incorporating Aborigines into the new mode of production within various subordinate roles. The exploitation of Aborigines, formerly as labour and now predominantely as consumers, is fundamental to the maintenance of the capitalist mode of production in pastoral areas. The spatial effects of the dominant mode of production have been to centralise Aborigines in locations suited to the various phases of development of the European economy, undermining the traditional Aboriginal social-spatial structure. The centralisation of the Aboriginal population also enhances the opportunities for the further development of the mining industry, which is in direct competition with Aboriginal interests in land. Aboriginal resistance to these spatial tendencies is intense in many quarters, but efforts to return to living on traditional lands and to develop alternative ways of living are hampered by the dominant mode of production. 相似文献
56.
Low Energy Transfer to the Moon 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
W. S. Koon M. W. Lo J. E. Marsden S. D. Ross 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2001,81(1-2):63-73
In 1991, the Japanese Hiten mission used a low energy transfer with a ballistic capture at the Moon which required less Vthan a standard Hohmann transfer. In this paper, we apply the dynamical systems techniques developed in our earlier work to reproduce systematically a Hiten-like mission. We approximate the Sun–Earth–Moon-spacecraft 4-body system as two 3-body systems. Using the invariant manifold structures of the Lagrange points of the 3-body systems, we are able to construct low energy transfer trajectories from the Earth which execute ballistic capture at the Moon. The techniques used in the design and construction of this trajectory may be applied in many situations. 相似文献
57.
Benjamin Ross Gunnar Johannson Gregory D. Foster William P. Eckel 《Hydrogeology Journal》1992,1(1):66-76
Ether derivatives of dihydroxy alcohols, which are formed from ethylene or propylene, comprise an important group of groundwater contaminants known as glycol ethers. Compounds in this group are used as solvents, cleaning agents, and emulsifiers in many chemical products and manufacturing operations. Glycol ethers have been associated with a variety of toxic effects, and some compounds in the group are relatively potent teratogens. The limited information available suggests that glycol ethers are contaminants in groundwater, especially in anaerobic plumes emanating from disposal of mixed industrial and household waste. Most methods used to analyze groundwater samples cannot adequately detect 7g/ (ppb) concentrations of glycol ethers, and the existing methods perform worst for the most widely used and toxic species. A new method capable of analyzing 7g/ concentrations of glycol ethers was recently developed, and its use is recommended for groundwater samples where glycol ethers are likely to be present. Résumé. Les éthers glycol, polluants des eaux souterraines. Les dérivés d'éther de dihydroxy-alcool, formés à partir de l'éthylène ou du propylène, constituent un important groupe de polluants des eaux souterraines connus sous le nom d'éthers glycol. Les composés de ce groupe sont utilisés comme solvants, comme agents de nettoyage et comme émulsifiants dans de nombreux produits chimiques et dans de nombreux processus de fabrication. Des effets toxiques variés ont été attribués aux éthers glycol et certains des composés sont des agents tératogènes relativement puissants. Les données disponibles, qui sont limitées, indiquent que les éthers glycol sont des polluants communs dans les eaux souterraines, particulièrement dans les panaches anaéorobies émis par les décharges mixtes de déchets industriels et domestiques. La plupart des méthodes d'analyse d'échantillons d'eau souterraine ne sont pas capables de détecter convenablement des concentrations en éthers glycol de l'ordre du 7g/l (ppb); les méthodes actuelles sont médiocres pour doser les espèces toxiques les plus courantes. Une nouvelle méthode permettant de doser des concentrations en éthers glycol de l'ordre du 7 g/l a été récemment mise au point; son utilisation est préconisée pour les échantillons d'eau souterraine contenant des éthers glycol. 相似文献
58.
Thek points inp-space corresponding to a specified set ofk (k<p) linearly independent endmember estimates associated with ap-variate (n×p) compositional datasetX, define the vertices of a (k?1) dimensional simplexH. Then estimated mixtures which together account for the systematic variation in the datasetX, are each convex combinations of thek fixed endmember estimates. Accordingly, then-points inp-space which represent these mixtures must be interior points of the simplexH. The purpose of this paper is to describe a simple graphical procedure for examining the positions of the estimated mixtures relative tok=3 or 4 putative endmembers, and for assessing their compliance or otherwise with the convexity constraints. Since the mixture coefficients must be estimated first in order to obtain the mixture estimates, the paper begins with a review of the least-squares partitioning procedure. 相似文献
59.
60.
Peter Robinson Howard W. Jaffe Cornelis Klein Jr. Malcolm Ross 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,22(3):248-258
Electron probe and wet chemical analyses of amphibole pairs from the sillimanite zone of central Massachusetts and adjacent New Hampshire indicated that for a particular metamorphic grade there should be a restricted composition range in which three amphiboles can coexist stably. An unequivocal example of such an equilibrium three amphibole rock has been found in the sillimanite-orthoclase zone. It contains a colorless primitive clinoamphibole, space group P21/m, optically and chemically like cummingtonite with blue-green hornblende exsolution lamellae on (100) and (¯101) of the host; blue-green hornblende, space group C2/m, with primitive cummingtonite exsolution lamellae on (100) and (¯101) of the host; and pale pinkish tan anthophyllite, space group Pnma, that is free of visible exsolution lamellae but is a submicroscopic intergrowth of two orthorhombic amphiboles. Mutual contacts and coarse, oriented intergrowths of two and three host amphiboles indicate the three grew as an equilibrium assemblage prior to exsolution. Electron probe analyses at mutual three-amphibole contacts showed little variation in the composition of each amphibole. Analyses believed to represent most closely the primary amphibole compositions gave atomic proportions on the basis of 23 oxygens per formula unit as follows: for primitive cummingtonite (Na0.02Ca0.21
– Mn0.06Fe2+
2.28Mg4.12Al0.28) (Al0.17Si7.83), for hornblende (Na0.35Ca1.56Mn0.02Fe1.71Mg2.85Al0.92) (Al1.37Si6.63), and for anthophyllite (Na0.10Ca0.06Mn0.06Fe2.25Mg4.11Al0.47) (Al0.47Si7.53). The reflections violating C-symmetry, on X-ray single crystal photographs of the primitive cummingtonite, are weak and diffuse, and suggest a partial inversion from a C-centered to a primitive clinoamphibole. Single crystal photographs of the anthophyllite show split reflections indicating it is an intergrowth of about 80% anthophyllite and about 20% gedrite which differ in their b crystallographic dimensions. Split reflections are characteristic of all analyzed orthorhombic amphiboles so far examined from Massachusetts and New Hampshire except the most aluminous gedrites, and the relative intensity of the gedrite reflections is roughly proportional to the degree of Na and Al substitution. Thin sections of a few of these anthophyllite specimens show lamellae parallel to (010) that are just resolved with a high power objective.Publication approved by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. 相似文献