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31.
The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: displacement, relocation, and human rights 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Julie Koppel Maldonado Christine Shearer Robin Bronen Kristina Peterson Heather Lazrus 《Climatic change》2013,120(3):601-614
Tribal communities in the United States, particularly in coastal areas, are being forced to relocate due to accelerated rates of sea level rise, land erosion, and/or permafrost thaw brought on by climate change. Forced relocation and inadequate governance mechanisms and budgets to address climate change and support adaptation strategies may cause loss of community and culture, health impacts, and economic decline, further exacerbating tribal impoverishment and injustice. Sovereign tribal communities around the US, however, are using creative strategies to counter these losses. Taking a human rights approach, this article looks at communities’ advocacy efforts and strategies in dealing with climate change, displacement, and relocation. Case studies of Coastal Alaska and Louisiana are included to consider how communities are shaping their own relocation efforts in line with their cultural practices and values. The article concludes with recommendations on steps for moving forward toward community-led and government-supported resettlement programs. 相似文献
32.
Kristina A. Brown Eric R. McGreer Bernie Taekema Jay T. Cullen 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2011,17(6):821-839
A field and laboratory study of the accuracy of a method commonly used to determine free sulphide concentrations in the porewater
of marine sediments is presented. The method uses an ion-selective electrode (ISE), sensitive to the sulphide ion (S2−), in sediments buffered to high pH (>12) and is commonly used in regulatory monitoring programs to assess the impacts of
open net-pen finfish aquaculture on local marine habitats. Here we report that on the timescale of field measurements, the
accepted protocol can lead to significant bias of free sulphide measurements, with orders of magnitude higher concentration
detected in the buffered sediment–porewater slurry than in porewater samples isolated and analysed separately. Laboratory
experiments with model marine sediments and analysis of sediment composition indicate that this bias is likely introduced
by the dissolution of particulate sulphides and/or sulphur present in the sediments under the intense alkaline conditions
of the protocol. Recommendations for the modification and continued use of this commonly applied field methodology are discussed. 相似文献
33.
Conny Haraldsson Leif G. Anderson Martin Hassellöv Stefan Hulth Kristina Olsson 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1997,44(12):2031-2044
A system for rapid, high precision potentiometric determination of alkalinity in sea water and sediment pore water is presented. Two titration units were used: a 40 ml unit for seawater and a small volume unit for sediment pore water. Titration time was normally less than 10 minutes per sample, including sample exchange. With a 40 ml sample volume, the relative standard deviation of the alkalinity obtained in the laboratory was 0.05% and at sea 0.1 %. The small-volume system (0.5–1.5 ml) gave a precision of 0.07%. Five titration points, in two groups after the second equivalence point, were used to evaluate the equivalence volume. Results from equilibrium calculations and computer simulated alkalinity titrations show that it was possible to use a non-modified Gran function [(V0 +v)*10(E/Z)] and still achieve good accuracy and precision. 相似文献
34.
35.
The article examines Singaporeans' experiences of upward social mobility and how traditional gender roles within the family are renegotiated and reinterpreted in Singapore. When the former British colony gained independence in 1965 its post-colonial government embarked on an ambitious modernization programme, under which villages were demolished and residents relocated to new high-rise estates, farmland gave way to factories, the education system was reformed, and women entered the workforce. The transformation has been accompanied by a rapid upward social mobility, whereby Singaporeans born in the midst of the transformation, in the period 1960s – 1980s, lived remarkably different lives compared with preceding generations. The article is an ethnographic analysis of how Singaporean middle-class women and men, who have experienced rapid upward social mobility, handle and negotiate changing expectations regarding gender and intergenerational support. The analytical framework is constructed around the concepts of social mobility, modernity, and spaces of contestation and negotiation. The ethnographic data illuminate how traditional family values, such as filial piety, are contested and renegotiated. The data also show how social mobility intersects with other forms of mobility, such as the spatial movement involved in urbanization. Women entering the labour force have to spend their days away from home and can no longer fully attend to their elderly family members and/or young children. However, spatial movement in the sense of increased access to transportation and communication has also enabled members of extended families to maintain their ‘urban kinship network’ without having to live together. 相似文献
36.
37.
Kristina Blennow Mikael Andersson Johan Bergh Ola Sallnäs Erika Olofsson 《Climatic change》2010,99(1-2):261-278
We estimated how the possible changes in wind climate and state of the forest due to climate change may affect the probability of exceeding critical wind speeds expected to cause wind damage within a forest management unit located in Southern Sweden. The topography of the management unit was relatively gentle and the forests were dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We incorporated a model relating the site index (SI) to the site productivity into the forest projection model FTM. Using estimated changes in the net primary production (NPP) due to climate change and assuming a relative change in NPP equal to a relative change in the site productivity, we simulated possible future states of the forest under gradual adjustment of SI in response to climate change. We estimated changes in NPP by combining the boreal-adapted BIOMASS model with four regional climate change scenarios calculated using the RCAO model for the period 2071–2100 and two control period scenarios for the period 1961–1990. The modified WINDA model was used to calculate the probability of wind damage for individual forest stands in simulated future states of the forest. The climate change scenarios used represent non-extreme projections on a 100-year time scale in terms of global mean warming. A 15–40% increase in NPP was estimated to result from climate change until the period 2071–2100. Increasing sensitivity of the forest to wind was indicated when the management rules of today were applied. A greater proportion of the calculated change in probability of wind damage was due to changes in wind climate than to changes in the sensitivity of the forest to wind. While regional climate scenarios based on the HadAM3H general circulation model (GCM) indicated no change (SRES A2 emission scenario) or a slightly reduced (SRES B2 emission scenario) probability of wind damage, scenarios based on the ECHAM4/OPYC3 GCM indicated increased probability of wind damage. The assessment should, however, be reviewed as the simulation of forest growth under climate change as well as climate change scenarios are refined. 相似文献
38.
Jun A. Zhang Kristina B. Katsaros Peter G. Black Susanne Lehner Jeffrey R. French William M. Drennan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(2):173-189
Boundary-layer secondary circulations or ‘roll vortices’ can have a significant influence on the turbulent exchange of momentum,
sensible heat and moisture throughout the hurricane boundary layer. In this study, analyses of data from a WP-3D aircraft
of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are presented. As part of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea
Transfer (CBLAST)-hurricane experiment sponsored through the Office of Naval Research and NOAA’s annual hurricane research
program, flights were conducted to investigate energy exchange across the air–sea interface. We present the first in-situ
aircraft-based observations of rolls in the hurricane boundary layer and investigate their influence on energy and momentum
exchange. The rolls detected in Hurricane Isidore (year 2002) have a characteristic wavelength of about 900 m, in good agreement
with analyses of data from a synthetic aperture radar image captured by the Canadian Space Agency’s RADARSAT satellite in
the same storm. Our analyses of the airborne data suggest that roll vortices may be a significant factor modulating the air–sea
momentum exchange. 相似文献
39.
We (1) estimated how the possible changes in wind climate due to climatic change may affect the probability of exceeding critical
wind speeds (CWS) expected to cause significant wind damage within a forest management unit located in southern Sweden, (2)
analysed how the probability of exceeding an approximate CWS as observed in the management unit would change in different
regions in Sweden if expecting a similar kind of forested area to occur in different geographical locations. The topography
of the management unit was relatively gentle and the forests were dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Seven regions across Sweden were selected for comparison of possible future probability of damaging wind speed.
The model-system WINDA was modified and used for calculations of the probability of wind damage together with regionally downscaled
climate change scenario (CCS) data. In total, two climate scenarios downscaled using the RCAO model for the control period
1961–1990 and four for the period 2071–2100 were used. The CCSs represent fairly central projections on a 100-year time scale
in terms of global mean warming. Although there is ambiguity between different CCSs, the results indicated that the present
pattern of more windy conditions in southern than in northern Sweden will remain. For most sites the probability of exceeding
the CWS from westerly to south-westerly directions was indicated to remain comparatively high and the probability of damaging
wind from south-westerly to south-easterly directions was indicated to increase in many places. For southernmost Sweden increasing
probability of exceeding the CWS from the north-westerly to south-easterly wind directions were indicated for all but one
CCS. The results were discussed with respect to spatial planning in forestry under a changing wind climate. 相似文献
40.