Application of the theoretical reference ionosphere model for calculating HF-radiowave propagation characteristics     

G. V. Kotovich  V. P. Grozov  A. G. Kim  A. V. Oinats  E. B. Romanova  A. V. Tashchilin 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2010,50(4):504-508

We study the possibilities of the Theoretical Ionosphere Model (TIM) developed at the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, for calculating the HF-radiowave propagation characteristics. The results of simulation based on the TIM are compared with calculations based on the IRI model and data from experimental observations. Analysis of the results of calculations for the maximum usable frequency (MUF) have shown that with the same input data (coordinates of the receipt and transmission points, the route length, date, and time), the differences in the calculated MUFs (using two different models supplying radio routes with ionospheric information) amount to ∼1% in the daytime and reach 10% at night.  相似文献   

Estimation of temporal variation in splash detachment in two Japanese cypress plantations of contrasting age     

Y. Wakiyama  Y. Onda  K. Nanko  S. Mizugaki  Y. Kim  H. Kitahara  H. Ono 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(9):993-1005

To elucidate splash erosion processes under natural rainfall conditions, temporal variations in splash detachment were observed using a piezoelectric saltation sensor (H11B; Sensit Co., Portland, ND, USA). Preliminary laboratory tests of Sensit suggested that they were suitable for field observations. Field observations were conducted between July and September 2006 in 21‐ and 36‐year‐old Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantations with mean stand heights of 9·2 m and 17·4 m, respectively. Splash detachment (in g m^?2) was measured seven times using splash cups, and raindrop kinetic energy (in J m^?2 mm^?1) in both stands was measured using laser drop‐sizing (LD) gauges. Sensit was installed to record saltation counts, which were converted to temporal data of splash detachment (splash rate; in g m^?2 10 min^?1) using the relationship between splash detachment and saltation counts. Surface runoff was monitored using runoff plots of 0·5 m width and 2·0 m length to obtain temporal data of flow depth (in millimeters). Both total splash detachment and raindrop kinetic energy were larger in the older stand. Increased splash rates per unit throughfall were found in both stands after rainless durations longer than approximately one day in both stands. However, a lower splash rate was found in the 21‐year stand after rainfall events. During extreme rainstorms, the 21‐year stand showed a low runoff rate and a decline in the splash rate, while the 36‐year stand showed a higher splash rate and increased flow depth. The piezoelectric sensor proved to be a useful means to elucidate splash erosion processes in field conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Benthic changes at McMurdo Station, Antarctica following local sewage treatment and regional iceberg-mediated productivity decline     

K.E. Conlan  S.L. Kim  E. Hendrycks 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(3):419-432

McMurdo Station, the largest research station in Antarctica, ceased on-site garbage dumping in 1988 and initiated sewage treatment in 2003. In 2003-2004 its sea-ice regime was altered by the massive B-15A and C-19 iceberg groundings in the Ross Sea, approximately 100 km distant. Here we follow macrofaunal response to these changes relative to a baseline sampled since 1988. In the submarine garbage dump, surface contaminants levels have declined but associated macrofaunal recolonization is not yet evident. Although sewage-associated macrofauna were still abundant around the outfall nearly 2 yr after initiation of treatment, small changes downcurrent as far as 434 m from the outfall suggest some community recovery. Widespread community changes in 2003-2004, not seen in the decade previously, suggests that the benthos collectively responded to major changes in sea-ice regime and phytoplankton production caused by the iceberg groundings.  相似文献   

中朝与扬子地块结合带东部的卫星重力异常特征研究     

金峰男  杜劲松  陈超 《地球物理学进展》2010,25(4)

中朝板块与扬子板块碰撞结合带过黄海向东延伸方式一直是国内外学者关注的问题.本文采用最新的地球重力场模型(GGM03C)计算了中国东部海域及朝鲜半岛的360阶卫星布格重力异常,通过异常分离、水平梯度及其垂直导数等位场资料处理和边界识别技术的应用,获得与研究区地块边界及断裂相关的各种信息.结合地质资料,对中国东部海域及朝鲜半岛进行地质构造单元划分与断裂系统分析,探讨了中朝与扬子地块结合带在海区位置与东部延伸模式.对京畿地块的深部结构及地质构造的认识是探讨中朝-扬子地块结合带在朝鲜半岛所在位置的关键.分析认为,五莲-青岛-荣城断裂和嘉山-响水断裂构成中朝-扬子地块结合带的海区段,南黄海南部断裂带与绍兴-勿南沙断裂带构成中朝-华南地块结合带;在京畿地块中部可能存在近南北向的断裂带,与临津江构造带、沃川构造带和上述两个结合带共同构成中朝、扬子与华南地块结合带;南黄海属于扬子地块,而北黄海与朝鲜半岛大部分仍属于中朝地块,其南界位于济州岛南缘断裂带附近,济州岛南缘断裂带南部海域为华南地块.  相似文献   

Erratum to: Spatial variability in DMSP-lyase activity along an Atlantic meridional transect     

Thomas G. Bell  Gill Malin  Young-Nam Kim  Michael Steinke 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2010,72(4):533-535

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Review and new interpretation for the propagation characteristics associated with the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake faulting event     

Kwangmin Jin  Young‐Seog Kim 《Island Arc》2010,19(4):659-675

The Chi‐Chi earthquake (M_W = 7.6) took place in central western Taiwan in 1999. The earthquake caused reactivation of the Chelungpu Fault and resulted in 100‐km‐long surface ruptures. The fault strikes mostly north–south to NNE–SSW; however, the northern tip of the southern segment of the surface ruptures rotates clockwise to define an east–west trend, then jumps to a shorter NNW‐trending rupture. The largest vertical displacement is recorded in the Shihkang area of the Shihkang–Shangchi Fault Zone, where vertical slips are up to 8–10 m. The Shihkang–Shangchi Fault Zone displays a complex fault pattern as a linkage damage zone between two fault segments with the greatest concentration of faults and fractures. Our new interpretation, based on recent published geometric, kinematic, and geophysical studies on the Chi‐Chi earthquake fault, suggests that the Shihkang–Shangchi Fault Zone is not a simple termination zone, but may be an ‘overstep zone’ or a ‘transfer zone’. Slip analysis along the surface ruptures indicates that they are composed of three fault segments and the amount of slip partly depends on the intersection angle between slip direction and fault strike. Our numerical modeling for the area indicates that Coulomb stress changes are mainly concentrated on tips and bends of the surface ruptures. Slip patterns indicate that the fault propagates toward the northeast. Therefore, this study suggests high potential for future earthquake activity along the unruptured Shangchi segment. Hence, future geohazard studies should focus on the Shangchi segment to evaluate potential earthquakes, determine recurrence intervals, and reduce future earthquake hazards.  相似文献   

Seismic performance of a 1 : 15‐scale 25‐story RC flat‐plate core‐wall building model          下载免费PDF全文

Han Seon Lee  Kyung Ran Hwang  Youn Ho Kim 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(6):929-953

Earthquake simulation tests were conducted on a 1 : 15‐scale 25‐story building model to verify the seismic performance of high‐rise reinforced‐concrete flat‐plate core‐wall building structures designed per the recent seismic code KBC 2009 or IBC 2006. The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (1) The vertical distribution of acceleration during the table excitations revealed the effect of the higher modes, whereas free vibration after the termination of the table excitations was governed by the first mode. The maximum values of base shear and roof drift during the free vibration are either similar to or larger than the values of the maximum responses during the table excitation. (2) With a maximum roof drift ratio of 0.7% under the maximum considered earthquake in Korea, the lateral stiffness degraded to approximately 50% of the initial stiffness. (3) The crack modes appear to be a combination of flexure and shear in the slab around the peripheral columns and in the coupling beam. Energy dissipation via inelastic deformation was predominant during free vibration after the termination of table excitation rather than during table excitation. Finally, (4) the walls with special boundary elements in the first story did not exhibit any significant inelastic behavior, with a maximum curvature of only 21% of the ultimate curvature, corresponding to an ultimate concrete compressive strain of 0.00638 m/m intended in the displacement‐based design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Bed morphological changes around a finite patch of vegetation          下载免费PDF全文

Hyung Suk Kim  Ichiro Kimura  Yasuyuki Shimizu 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(3):375-388

For the appropriate management and restoration of rivers, isolated vegetation is often a practical means for improving stream habitat and ecology. The effect of a finite vegetation patch on flow and bed morphology in an open channel was investigated using laboratory experiments. The patch containing emergent and submerged vegetation was modeled using circular cylinders and located mid‐channel along a side wall. Several configurations of the patch and submergence ratio (i.e. water depth to the height of vegetation), and two flow conditions (i.e. below and above the sediment motion threshold) were considered. For flows below the sediment motion threshold, erosion occurred primarily on the opposite side of the patch and near the leading edge of the patch. The degree of scouring depth observed in both these regions was affected by the submergence ratio and it increased with the non‐dimensional flow blockage (i.e. the product of the patch density and width). In contrast, for flows above the sediment motion threshold, sediment accumulated within and around the patch due to a reduction in bed shear stress, which was strongly influenced by the flow blockage and the obstruction ratio (i.e. the ratio of patch width to channel width). The eroded area observed within the patch was consistent with the interior adjustment region where the deceleration and diversion of flow occurred through the patch. As the flow blockage increased or as the obstruction ratio decreased, the deposition rate within and behind the patch decreased. Furthermore, the deposition rate increased with an increase in the ratio of flow rate through the patch to total flow rate regardless of the submergence ratio. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Assessment of soil loss in South Korea based on land-cover type     

Chunhwa Jang  Yongchul Shin  Donghyuk Kum  Rogyoung Kim  Jay E. Yang  Sung Chul Kim  Sang Il Hwang  Kyoung Jae Lim  Jeong-Ki Yoon  Youn Shik Park  Younghun Jung 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(8):2127-2141

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Interpretation of coastal wind transfer functions with momentum balances derived from idealized numerical model simulations     

Sung Yong Kim  Ganesh Gopalakrishnan  Aurelien Ponte 《Ocean Dynamics》2015,65(1):115-141

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