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111.
With the Taihu Basin as a study area, using the spatially distributed and mechanism-based SWAT model, preliminary simulations of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin during the period of 1995:_2002 has been carried out. The topography, soil, meteorology and land use with industrial point pollution discharge, the loss of agricultural fertilizers, urban sewerage, and livestock drainages were all considered in the boundary conditions of the simulations. The model was calibrated and validated against water quality monitoring data from 2001 to 2002. The results show that the annual total productions of nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) into Lake Taihu are 40000t and 2000t respectively. Nutrient from the Huxi Region is a major resource for Lake Taihu. The non-point source (surface source) pollution is the main form of catchment sources of nutrients into Lake Taihu, occupied TN 53% and TP 56% respectively. TN and TP nutrients from industrial point pollution discharge are 30% and 16%, and sewerage in both forms of point source and non-point source are TN 31% and TP 47%. Both the loss of agricultural fertilizers and livestock drainages from the catchment should be paid more attention as an important nutrient source. The results also show that SWAT is an effective model for the simulation of temporally and spatially nutrient changes and for the assessment of the trends in a catchment scale. 相似文献
112.
闽中北前汛期多普勒雷达定量估测降水分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
使用2002、2003年福建中北部27个气象站5—6月自记雨量资料及相应的雷达体扫资料,通过用最优化法统计得出不同区域的Z-I关系,并将统计结果用于2005年5—6月的降水估测。同时利用实时雨量资料采用卡尔曼最优(卡尔曼滤波+最优插值)、变分等估测方法对2005年几次混合型降水过程进行实时雨量校正,用福建北部武夷山九曲溪流域雨量计检验校正后的雨量值,并对上述几种方法的测量精度进行比较、分析。结果表明:卡尔曼最优、变分法及100km距离范围内的最优化法的过程平均相对误差小于25%,100km距离范围以外最优化法的过程平均相对误差明显增大,Z=300I^1,4估测的误差最大。 相似文献
113.
Suraj Dhungana Charles R. Anthony III Larry E. Hersman 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(23):5651-5660
Pyridine-2,6-bis(monothiocarboxylate) (pdtc), a metabolic product of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas stutzeri was investigated for its ability of dissolve Fe(III)(hydr)oxides at pH 7.5. Concentration dependent dissolution of ferrihydrite under anaerobic environment showed saturation of the dissolution rate at the higher concentration of pdtc. The surface controlled ferrihydrite dissolution rate was determined to be 1.2 × 10−6 mol m−2 h−1. Anaerobic dissolution of ferrihydrite by pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid or dipicolinic acid (dpa), a hydrolysis product of pdtc, was investigated to study the mechanism(s) involved in the pdtc facilitated ferrihydrite dissolution. These studies suggest that pdtc dissolved ferrihydrite using a reduction step, where dpa chelates the Fe reduced by a second hydrolysis product, H2S. Dpa facilitated dissolution of ferrihydrite showed very small increase in the Fe dissolution when the concentration of external reductant, ascorbate, was doubled, suggesting the surface dynamics being dominated by the interactions between dpa and ferrihydrite. Greater than stoichiometric amounts of Fe were mobilized during dpa dissolution of ferrihydrite assisted by ascorbate and cysteine. This is attributed to the catalytic dissolution of Fe(III)(hydr)oxides by the in situ generated Fe(II) in the presence of a complex former, dpa. 相似文献
114.
LAI Shaocong QIN Jiangfeng LI Yongfeng LIU Xin 《中国地球化学学报》2007,26(3):305-311
Neogene volcanic rocks in the Belog Co area, Qiangtang, northern Tibet, are represented by a typical intermediate-basic and intermediate alkaline rock association, with latite-trachyte as the main rock type. The results of chemical analysis are: SiO2=52%–62%, Al2O3>15%, Na2O/K2O>1 and MgO<3.30%. In addition, the volcanic rocks are LREE-enriched with LREE/HREE=10–13, (La/Yb)N=15–19, and show a weak negative Eu anomaly with δEu=0.71–0.89. The close relationship between Mg# and SiO2 and the co-variation of the magmatophile elements and ultra-magmatophile elements such as La/Sm-La and Cr-Tb indicate that this association of volcanic rocks is the product of comagmatic fractional crystallization. The rock association type and lower Sm/Yb values (Sm/Yb=3.23–3.97) imply that this association of volcanic rocks should have originated from partial melting of spinel lherzolite in the lithospheric mantle. On the other hand, the weak negative Eu anomaly and relative depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti reflect the features of terrigenous magma. So the Neogene Belog Co alkaline volcanic rocks should be the result of partial melting of the special crust-mantle transition zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 相似文献
115.
116.
Constraining the stepwise migration of the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin by apatite fission track thermochronology 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
LAI QingZhou ? DING Lin WANG HongWei YUE YaHui & CAI FuLong Institute of Geology Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(2):172-183
Granites sampled from Garzê-Litang thrust, Longmen Shan thrust, Garzê and Litang strike-slip faults in the eastern Tibetan Plateau have been analyzed with apatite fission track thermochronological method in this study. The measured fission track apparent ages, combined with the simulated annealing mod- eling of the thermal history, have been used to reconstruct the thermal evolutionary histories of the samples and interpret the active history of the thrusts and faults in these areas. Thermal history mod- eling shows that earlier tectonic cooling occurred in the Garzê-Litang thrust in Miocene (~20―16 Ma) whereas the later cooling occurred mainly in the Longmen Shan thrust since ~5 Ma. Our study sug- gests that the margin of eastern Tibetan Plateau was extended by stages: through strike-slip faults deformations and related thrusts, the upper crust formed the Garzê-Litang margin in the Miocene epoch and then moved to the Longmen Shan margin since ~5 Ma. During this process, the deformations of different phases in the eastern Tibetan Plateau were absorbed by the thrusts within them and conse- quently the tectonic events of long-distance slip and extrusion up to hundreds of kilometers have not been found. 相似文献
117.
LIU ZhiQiang LAI YuanMing ZHANG MingYi & ZHANG XueFu State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold Arid Regions Environmental Engineering Research Institute Chi- nese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China School of Civil Engineering Lanzhou Jiao Tong University Lanzhou China Chongqing Jiao Tong University Chongqing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(3):404-410
The stochastic finite element equations for random temperature are obtained using the first-order per-turbation technique taking into account the random thermal properties and boundary condition, based on heat transfer variational principle. The local average method for 2-D is used to discretize random fields. Then, the random temperature fields of embankment in cold regions are investigated on condi-tion that the thermal properties and boundary condition are taken as random fields, respectively, by using the program, which is written by the methods. The expected value of temperature field and the standard deviation of the temperature field of embankment in cold regions are obtained and analyzed. 相似文献
118.
Marc A. Vallée Larry Newitt Ian R. Mann Mouhamed Moussaoui Régis Dumont Pierre Keating 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(1):161-176
Geomagnetic activity affects aeromagnetic surveys. Geomagnetic variations are quite complex and can be quantified in different
ways. A measure of geomagnetic activity that is useful for planning aeromagnetic surveys is the Pc3 pulsation index developed
by the Australian Space Weather Agency. Purposeful to developing guidelines for planning aeromagnetic surveys in Canada, we
study the variations in Pc3 index amplitude over Canada in 2000. This study shows distinct patterns associated with the sub-auroral
zone, the auroral zone, and the polar cap. Average Pc3 index activity is higher during the months of February, July, September,
and November in the auroral and sub-auroral zones. The station in the polar cap exhibits maximum activity near midday during
the summer months. Detailed analysis of a magnetic storm shows that Pc3 index amplitude during the beginning of the solar
storm is least important at the polar cap. The mean Pc3 index also relates to solar wind parameters such as the solar wind
velocity and the vertical polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field. Analysis of the morning maximum of the Pc3 index
observed in the auroral zone can be used to develop guidelines for planning aeromagnetic surveys in Canada and other areas
of the world affected by auroral zones. 相似文献
119.
辽东湾辽东带中南部古近纪古地貌恢复和演化及其对沉积体系的控制 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
采用井-震联合地层恢复法,对辽东湾辽东带中南部的古近纪进行了古地貌恢复。在此基础上拓宽了坡折带研究,将古地貌(包括古坡折带、古沟谷、古凸起等)纳入古物源供给系统的框架内探讨其对沉积体系的控制作用。分析表明:在构建完整物源供给系统的前提下,古地貌诸单元及其组合样式对沉积体系有着明显的控制作用。主要表现为:不同级次的物源体系导致沉积体类型和规模存在差异;物源区沟谷的分布及其赋存时期制约着砂体的主要分布位置、时期及规模;坡折带样式决定砂体的类型、规模及分布;古地貌组合样式控制储集体的成因、富集位置和规模大小。因此,古地貌分析对储层的预测和识别具有明显的指导作用。勘探实践证明,将其与常规储层预测方法联用,能够很大程度地提高储层预测的精度。 相似文献
120.
Collision leading to multiple-stage large-scale extrusion in the Qinling orogen: Insights from the Mianlue suture 总被引:10,自引:5,他引:10
Sanzhong Li Timothy M. Kusky Lu Wang Guowei Zhang Shaocong Lai Xiaochun Liu Shuwen Dong Guochun Zhao 《Gondwana Research》2007,12(1-2):121
The geologic framework of the Phanerozoic Qinling–Dabie orogen was built up through two major suturing events of three blocks. From north to south these include the North China craton (including the north Qinling block), the Qinling–Dabie microblock, and the South China craton (including the Bikou block), separated by the Shangdan and Mianlue sutures. The Mianlue suture zone contains evidence for Mesozoic extrusion tectonics in the form of major strike–slip border faults surrounding basement blocks, a Late Paleozoic ophiolite and a ca. 240–200 Ma thrust belt that reformed by 200–150 Ma thrusts during A-type (intracontinental) subduction. The regional map pattern shows that the blocks are surrounded by complexly deformed Devonian to Early Triassic metasandstones and metapelites, forming a regional-scale block-in-matrix mélange fabric. Five distinct tectonic units have been recognized in the belt: (1) basement blocks including two types of Precambrian basement, crystalline and transitional; (2) continental margin slices including Early Paleozoic strata, and Late Paleozoic fluviodeltaic sedimentary rocks, proximal and distal fan clastics, reflecting the development of a north-facing rift margin on the edge of the South China plate; (3) out of sequence oceanic crustal slices including strongly deformed postrift, deep-water sedimentary rocks, sheeted dikes, basalts, and mafic–ultramafic cumulates of a Late Paleozoic ophiolite suite, developing independent of the rift margin in a separate basin; (4) out-of-sequence island-arc slices; (5) accretionary wedge slices. All the tectonic units were deformed during three geometrically distinct deformation episodes (D1, D2 and D3 during 240–200 Ma). Units 2–4 involved southward thrusting and vertical then southward extrusion of about 20 km of horizontal displacement above the autochthonous basement during the D1 episode. Thrust slices 20 km south of the Mianlue suture are related to this vertical extrusion due to the same rock assemblages, ages and kinematics. The D2 and D3 episodes folded all the units in a thick-skinned style about east–west (D2) and west–northwest (D3) axes in the Mianlue suture zone. An early foreland propagating sequence of accretion of Late Paleozoic rocks deposited above the Yangtze craton is not involved in D1 deformation but is temporally equivalent to the D2 and D3 deformation in the Mianlue suture. Two stages of strike–slip faulting mainly occurred at the end of D2 and D3, respectively. During D2 deformation, the Bikou block was obliquely indented to the ESE into the Mianlue suture, rather than being thrust over the Mianlue suture from the north as a part of the Qinling–Dabie microblock. During D3 deformation, however, the Bikou block was bounded by the south boundary fault of the Mianlue suture, and the Yangpingguan fault on the south. These faults are coeval strike–slip faults, but of opposite senses, and accommodated minor southwestward extrusion of the Bikou block into Songpan–Ganze orogen. The other basement blocks north of the Mianlue suture were extruded eastward by about 20 km of lateral displacement, based on the offset of the Wudang dome, during the D3 episode due to the northeastward indentation of the Hannan complex of the South China craton. Post-D3 emplacement of granite, cutting across the strike–slip faults such as the Mianlue suture, provides a minimum age of 200 Ma for D3 deformation. Therefore, based on insights from the evolution of the Mianlue suture, the D2 and D3 episodes in the Mianlue suture and its neighbors are not responsible for and associated with the two-stage extrusion of the Dabie UHP-HP terranes from the Foping dome to the present erosional surface (more than 350 km). 相似文献