Comparison of Measured and Numerically Simulated Turbulence Statistics in a Convective Boundary Layer Over Complex Terrain     

Raj K. Rai  Larry K. Berg  Branko Kosović  Jeffrey D. Mirocha  Mikhail S. Pekour  William J. Shaw 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,163(1):69-89

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model can be used to simulate atmospheric processes ranging from quasi-global to tens of m in scale. Here we employ large-eddy simulation (LES) using the WRF model, with the LES-domain nested within a mesoscale WRF model domain with grid spacing decreasing from 12.15 km (mesoscale) to 0.03 km (LES). We simulate real-world conditions in the convective planetary boundary layer over an area of complex terrain. The WRF-LES model results are evaluated against observations collected during the US Department of Energy-supported Columbia Basin Wind Energy Study. Comparison of the first- and second-order moments, turbulence spectrum, and probability density function of wind speed shows good agreement between the simulations and observations. One key result is to demonstrate that a systematic methodology needs to be applied to select the grid spacing and refinement ratio used between domains, to avoid having a grid resolution that falls in the grey zone and to minimize artefacts in the WRF-LES model solutions. Furthermore, the WRF-LES model variables show large variability in space and time caused by the complex topography in the LES domain. Analyses of WRF-LES model results show that the flow structures, such as roll vortices and convective cells, vary depending on both the location and time of day as well as the distance from the inflow boundaries.  相似文献   

Development Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis Methods for Oil and Gas Reservoirs     

Amin Ettehadtavakkol  Christopher Jablonowski  Larry Lake 《Natural Resources Research》2017,26(2):177-190

Uncertainty complicates the development optimization of oil and gas exploration and production projects, but methods have been devised to analyze uncertainty and its impact on optimal decision-making. This paper compares two methods for development optimization and uncertainty analysis: Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and stochastic programming. Two example problems for a gas field development and an oilfield development are solved and discussed to elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Development optimization involves decisions regarding the configuration of initial capital investment and subsequent operational decisions. Uncertainty analysis involves the quantification of the impact of uncertain parameters on the optimum design concept. The gas field development problem is designed to highlight the differences in the implementation of the two methods and to show that both methods yield the exact same optimum design. The results show that both MC optimization and stochastic programming provide unique benefits, and that the choice of method depends on the goal of the analysis. While the MC method generates more useful information, along with the optimum design configuration, the stochastic programming method is more computationally efficient in determining the optimal solution. Reservoirs comprise multiple compartments and layers with multiphase flow of oil, water, and gas. We present a workflow for development optimization under uncertainty for these reservoirs, and solve an example on the design optimization of a multicompartment, multilayer oilfield development.  相似文献   

基于SMS的华中区域中尺度数值天气预报系统设计和实现     

赖安伟  王明欢  陈晓霞  李武阶 《气象科技》2017,45(1):52-58

为满足华中区域对高分辨率数值预报的业务需求,华中区域中尺度数值天气预报系统于2014年4月1日业务运行。该系统以命令行方式提交和运行,存在监控管理不直观、故障难定位和处理复杂、运行效率低等问题。针对存在的问题,运用SMS(Supervisor Monitor Scheduler,监控管理调度系统)技术进行了流程化调度开发,构建了客户端/服务器结构的华中区域中尺度数值天气预报系统。新系统充分考虑各流程间的关联,将整个业务系统的运行过程串联为一个整体。相比原系统,其具有以下特点:可提供友好的图形化维护界面,整个运行流程结构清晰,能方便、快捷地定位和解决故障,大幅度提升业务系统的运行效率,较原系统整体运行时间缩短约35.4%,节约时间主要集中在数据获取、后处理与产品制作上。  相似文献   

Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Their Environmental Control in a Reclaimed Coastal Wetland in the Yangtze Estuary     

Qicheng Zhong  Kaiyun Wang  Qifang Lai  Chao Zhang  Liang Zheng  Jiangtao Wang 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(2):344-362

Large areas of natural coastal wetlands have suffered severely from human-driven damages or conversions (e.g., land reclamations), but coastal carbon flux responses in reclaimed wetlands are largely unknown. The lack of knowledge of the environmental control mechanisms of carbon fluxes also limits the carbon budget management of reclaimed wetlands. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in a coastal wetland at Dongtan of Chongming Island in the Yangtze estuary was monitored throughout 2012 using the eddy covariance technique more than 14 years after this wetland was reclaimed using dykes to stop tidal flooding. The driving biophysical variables of NEE were also examined. The results showed that NEE displayed marked diurnal and seasonal variations. The monthly mean NEE showed that this ecosystem functioned as a CO₂ sink during 9 months of the year, with a maximum value in September (?101.2 g C m^?2) and a minimum value in November (?8.2 g C m^?2). The annual CO₂ balance of the reclaimed coastal wetland was ?558.4 g C m^?2 year^?1. The ratio of ecosystem respiration (ER) to gross primary production (GPP) was 0.57, which suggests that 57 % of the organic carbon assimilated by wetland plants was consumed by plant respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration. Stepwise multiple linear regressions suggested that temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were the two dominant micrometeorological variables driving seasonal variations in NEE, while soil moisture (M _s) and soil salinity (PS_s) played minor roles. For the entire year, PAR and daytime NEE were significantly correlated, as well as temperature and nighttime NEE. These nonlinear relationships varied seasonally: the maximum ecosystem photosynthetic rate (A _max), apparent quantum yield (?), and Q ₁₀ reached their peak values during summer (17.09 μmol CO₂?m^?2 s^?1), autumn (0.13 μmol CO₂?μmol^?1 photon), and spring (2.16), respectively. Exceptionally high M _s or PS_s values indirectly restricted ecosystem CO₂ fixation capacity by reducing the PAR sensitivity of the NEE. The leaf area index (LAI) and live aboveground biomass (AGB_L) were significantly correlated with NEE during the growing season. Although the annual net CO₂ fixation rate of the coastal reclaimed wetland was distinctly lower than the unreclaimed coastal wetland in the same region, it was quite high relative to many inland freshwater wetlands and estuarine/coastal wetlands located at latitudes higher than this site. Thus, it is concluded that although the net CO₂ fixation capacity of the coastal wetland was reduced by land reclamation, it can still perform as an important CO₂ sink.  相似文献   

Hillslope soil moisture temporal stability under two contrasting land use types during different time periods     

Ligang Lv  Kaihua Liao  Xiaoming Lai  Qing Zhu  Shenglu Zhou 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(7):560

  相似文献   

珠江三角洲乡村城市化的思考   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

陈烈  赖志才  夏才源 《热带地理》1998,18(4):289-295

论述乡村城市化的涵义,分析了珠江三角洲乡村城市化的基本特点,制约因素及加速城市化进程的任务和对策,指出不同国情应有不同的城市化模式。我国幅员辽阔,地域差异大,不同地区乡村城市化的形式也应有所区别。珠江三角洲是目前国内乡村城市化发展较快的区域,但于工业化发展速度相比仍显得滞后,城市化属初级阶段,呈粗放化特点。为加快珠江三角洲城市化进程,必须抓好如下几个方面：①进一步形成区域现代化的经济发展格局;②形  相似文献   

Identification of Species in Genus Platycephalus from Seas of China     

Zhi Chen  Na Song  Jianwei Zou  Yan Qin  Lai Ma  Tianxiang Gao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2020,19(2):417-427

Platycephalus in Chinese sea area has a high commercial value.However,there were mis-identifications in previous records.In this study,we fully distinguished and diagnosed all five species,Platycephalus indicus,P.cultellatus,Platycephalus sp.,Platycephalus sp.1 and Platycephalus sp.2.The results revealed that P.cultellatus was overlooked by previous ichthyologists.Platycephalus sp.1 was misidentified as P.indicus in reality,and Platycephalus sp.2 only existed in the seas of Japan.Furthermore,morphological,especially phylogenetic analysis indicated that Platycephalus sp.from South China Sea differs from all former known species,which might be a new species.We identified all Platycephalus species in China seas for the first time,which will contribute to local species identification,biodiversity conservation and sustainable exploitation of Platycephalus species.  相似文献   

Paleoseismology of the Palu–Lake Hazar segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey     

Hasan Cetin  Hakan Güneyli  Larry Mayer 《Tectonophysics》2003,374(3-4):163-197

The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) is among the most important active continental transform fault zones in the world as testified by major historical and minor instrumental seismicity. The first paleoseismological exploratory trenching study on the EAFZ was done on the Palu–Lake Hazar segment (PLHS), which is one of the six segments forming the fault zone, in order to determine its past activity and to assess its earthquake hazard.The results of trenching indicate that the latest surface rupturing earthquakes on this segment may be the Ms=7.1+ 1874 and Ms=6.7 1875 events, and there were other destructive earthquakes prior to these events. The recurrence interval for a surface rupturing large (M>7) earthquake is estimated as minimum 100±35 and maximum 360 years. Estimates for the maximum possible paleoearthquake magnitude are (Mw) 7.1–7.7 for the Palu–Lake Hazar segment based on empirical magnitude fault rupture relations.An alluvial fan dated 14,475–15,255 cal years BP as well as another similar age fan with an abandoned stream channel on it are offset in a left-lateral sense 175 and 160.5 m, respectively, indicating an average slip rate of 11 mm/year. Because 127 years have elapsed since the last surface rupturing event, this slip rate suggests that 1.4 m of left-lateral strain has accumulated along the segment, ignoring possible creep effects, folding and other inelastic deformation. A 2.5 Ma age for the start of left-lateral movement on the segment, and in turn the EAFZ, is consistent with a slip rate of 11 mm/year and a previously reported 27 km total left-lateral offset. The cumulative 5–6 mm/year vertical slip rate near Lake Hazar suggests a possible age of 148–178 ka for the lake. Our trenching results indicate also that a significant fraction of the slip across the EAFZ zone is likely to be accommodated seismically. The present seismic quiescence compared with the past activity (paleoseismic and historic) indicate that the EAFZ may be “locked” and accumulating elastic strain energy but could move in the near future.  相似文献   

秦岭勉(县)略(阳)缝合带及南秦岭地块的变质动力学研究   总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14  

李三忠  赖绍聪  张国伟  李亚林  程顺有 《地质科学》2003,38(2):137-154

将变质地质学与构造地质学的研究相结合,将造山过程与变质演化相结合,系统研究了勉(县)略(阳)缝合带的康县—高川段变质动力学特征及其与佛坪递增变质带的关系,认为该区变质作用时空演化特征表现为:不同构造环境同时出现不同类型的变质(如俯冲、拉张等),同一地带不同时期或阶段变质类型的叠加(如俯冲与碰撞),不同地段具差异抬升的历史等特征,从而导致变质类型在空间上的复杂性。这一结果也表明勉略带是一复杂的蛇绿构造混杂岩带,其内部不同的一系列构造岩片早期曾有不同的变质演化历史,后期经历了相似的变质叠加,最后在构造作用下差异抬升。该区变质作用演化可细分为4个阶段:主体发生于海西期并延续至印支早期的拉张变质作用阶段,晚海西—印支期俯冲变质作用阶段,印支晚期碰撞变质作用阶段和印支末期的热接触变质作用和动力退变质作用阶段。勉略缝合带康县—高川段不同岩片及佛坪递增变质带的PTt轨迹研究,揭示了它们不同的变质动力学演化及俯冲、碰撞、拆沉的构造演化过程和机制,也反映了缝合带是由不同层次、起源和环境的岩石经构造作用混杂而成,并经历了后期差异隆升剥蚀历史。  相似文献   

低周反复荷载下方钢管混凝土框架抗震性能的试验研究   总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19  

王来  王铁成  陈倩 《地震工程与工程振动》2003,23(3):113-117

通过对一榀两跨三层的方钢管混凝土组合框架在低周反复荷载作用下的模型试验，深入研究了方钢管混凝土组合框架的滞回性能、延性、耗能能力和刚度退化等抗震性能。研究结果表明：方钢管混凝土结构的抗震性能优于混凝土结构。  相似文献