汶川Ms8.0地震的地表破裂过程－－以都江堰八角庙村断层擦痕剖面为例   总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

董顺利  李勇  陈龙生  王刚  张毅  陈浩  闫亮  马博琳  乔宝成  周荣军  A.L.Densmore  N.Richardson  M.A.Ellis  沈军辉 《第四纪研究》2009,29(3):439-448

汶川MS8.0地震在龙门山断裂带造成了严重的地表破裂,但能反映地震地表破裂过程的现象却很少,四川省都江堰市虹口乡八角庙村有一处保存基本完好的断层擦痕剖面,是惟一能反映地震地表破裂过程的露头。剖面上可见两种侧伏产状相差很大的擦痕,我们利用全站仪和GPS对擦痕进行总体和细部的测量,结果表明,一种擦痕接近垂直,侧伏角在 76°～87°之间,另一种擦痕侧伏角相对较小,介于 32°～33°之间。利用擦痕侧伏角、断层面倾角、岩石内摩擦角进行求解断层主应力方位的赤平投影,结果表明发震断层的运动方式为逆冲兼右行走滑。通过分析对比,我们认为断层面上近水平方向的擦痕切割了近垂直方向的擦痕,据此将地震的地表破裂过程分为两个阶段。阶段Ⅰ断层运动以逆冲向上为主,阶段Ⅱ以右旋走滑为主,这个结论与地震波数据反演结果是一致的。其中,阶段Ⅰ由两个子事件组成; 第一个子事件断层以接近垂直的角度逆冲向上运动,运动方向为SW85°～87°; 第二个子事件断层的运动方向发生朝向NE方向的倾斜,运动方向为SW76°～80°,表明断层运动性质为逆冲兼少量的右旋走滑。阶段Ⅱ断层的运动方向为SW32°～33°,表明这一阶段断层运动以右行走滑为主,走滑分量大于逆冲分量。  相似文献   

Dynamic measurement of sediment grain compressibility at atmospheric pressure: acoustic applications     

Richardson  N.D. Williams  K.L. Briggs  K.B. Thorsos  E.I. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(3):593-601

Under certain conditions, Wood's equation can be used to predict sound speed in fluid/solid-grain suspensions if the bulk moduli and densities of the grains and fluid are known. In this paper, that relationship is used to estimate grain-bulk moduli in suspensions where sound speed, fluid density, fluid bulk modulus, grain density, and particle concentrations are known or accurately measured. Measured values of grain-bulk moduli for polystyrene beads suspended in water (mean = 4.15 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ Pa) and soda-lime glass beads suspended in a "heavy liquid" (mean = 3.8 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa) are consistent with the values of bulk moduli for polystyrene beads and soda-lime glass beads found in the literature (3.6 to 4.2 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ Pa and 3.4 to 4.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa, respectively). These measurements thus provide controls, which demonstrate the validity of the suspension technique to estimate values of particle bulk modulus. The values of bulk modulus, measured using the same suspension techniques, for Ottawa sand and quartz sand grains collected from the coastal sediments of the northeast Gulf of Mexico ranged between 3.8 and 4.7 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa, with 95% confidence limits between 3.0-5.7 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa. These measured values of bulk modulus are consistent with the range of handbook values for polycrystalline quartz (3.6 to 4.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 10/ Pa). The use of the lower bulk modulus (i.e., 7.0 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ Pa) recently suggested by Chotiros is therefore inappropriate and traditional handbook values of sediment grain-bulk moduli should be used as inputs for sediment acoustic modeling.  相似文献   

Responses of estuarine phytoplankton communities to nitrogen form and mixing using microcosm bioassays     

Tammi L. Richardson  James L. Pinckney  Hans W. Paerl 《Estuaries and Coasts》2001,24(6):828-839

We examined the effects of different forms of nitrogen and mixed versus static conditions on the structure and function of natural Neuse River estuary phytoplankton communities incubated in 66-liter microcosms in March, May, August, and November 1999. Significant differences were found between effects of mixed versus static treatments in three of four experiments, but no differences were observed between effects of different forms of nitrogen. Mixed incubations resulted in higher contributions of diatoms to total community biomass (measured as chlorophylla) than in static tanks in May. Significantly higher rates of carbon fixation were also observed, likely due to increased suspension of diatoms in surface (illuminated) layers of the tanks. In August, we found significantly higher abundances of cyanobacteria, total community biomass, and rates of carbon fixation in static tanks than in tanks that were mixed. In November, static incubations showed significantly higher abundances of cryptophytes resulting in higher total community biomass and rates of carbon fixation in static tanks than in mixed tanks. Nitrogen additions significantly increased total community biomass relative to controls in May and August, indicating that the communities were nitrogen-limited at these times. We conclude that while nitrogen additions may result in increases in phytoplankton biomass when nitrogen is limiting, phytoplankton community structure in the Neuse River Estuary may be determined more by the hydrodynamics of the system (mixing versus stratification) than by the form of nitrogen available for growth.  相似文献   

Esso Bernicia incident,Shetland, Dec./Jan.     

M.G. Richardson 《Marine pollution bulletin》1979,10(4):97-98

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Chemical variation induced by flow differentiation in an extensive Karroo dolerite sheet,southern Namibia     

Stephen H. Richardson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1979,43(9):1433-1441

Chemical relations in an extensive Karroo dolerite sheet are consistent with large-scale phenocryst redistribution during intrusion of a tholeiitic magma. Flow differentiation provides a mechanism for inward migration of early olivine, plagioclase and augite, resulting in a total phenocryst population concentrated in and roughly symmetrically distributed about the centre of the sill. The inferred early phenocryst content of the magma varies by a factor of two from 23 wt% at the margins to 50 wt% in the centre of the sill. Chilled dolerite from the sill margins is the most phenocryst-poor material and is not representative of the bulk magma. Integration over height in the sill provides the best approximation to the bulk composition. No significant lateral variation in bulk sill chemistry is detected over a distance of 20 km.  相似文献   

Opening of the red sea with two poles of rotation     

Evan S. Richardson  C.G.A. Harrison 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,30(1):135-142

Previous studies have shown that the Red Sea was formed by two stages of sea-floor spreading, with a quiescent period in between. We suggest that these two phases have occurred in different directions. The shape of the central trough indicates that the present-day motion is almost E-W, whereas the total opening, deduced from the shape of the coastlines, is NE-SW. If the axial trough has opened in an E-W direction, the earlier stage of opening was in a direction which made the Dead Sea Rift fall along a small circle to the pole of early opening, and hence suggests that the Dead Sea Rift was a transform fault during this early stage. The later movement gives almost pure extension along the Dead Sea Rift, and this should be seen by normal faulting. Available first-motion studies are not precise enough to confirm or deny this hypothesis.  相似文献   

How do people perceive the disclosure risk of maps? Examining the perceived disclosure risk of maps and its implications for geoprivacy protection     

Junghwan Kim  Margaret C. Levenstein  Douglas B. Richardson 《制图学和地理信息科学》2021,48(1):2-20

ABSTRACT

This research examines how people subjectively perceive the disclosure risk of a map using original data collected in an online survey with 856 participants. The results indicate that perceived disclosure risk increases as the amount of locational information displayed on a map increases. Compared to point-based maps, perceived disclosure risk is significantly lower for kernel density maps, convex hull maps, and standard deviational ellipse maps. The results also revealed that perceived disclosure risk is affected by map scale and the presence of information of other people on a map. For geomasking methods, perceived disclosure risk decreases as aggregation level increases and as relocation distance increases. However, aggregation methods (point to polygon) are more effective in preventing the re-identification of individuals when compared to relocation methods (point to point). Lastly, the perceived disclosure risk of a map that displays socially-vulnerable people is significantly higher than that of a map that displays non-vulnerable groups. Specifically, a map displaying the private locations of elementary school students has the highest perceived disclosure risk. Based on the results, a set of geoprivacy protection guidelines for mapping people’s private locations to minimize people’s perceived disclosure risk is proposed. Implications for mapping infectious diseases like the COVID-19 are also discussed.  相似文献   

Legal impediments to utilizing groundwater as a municipal water supply source in karst terrain in the United States     

J. Richardson 《Environmental Geology》2002,42(5):532-537

Many jurisdictions presently utilize, or are now considering the utilization of, high-volume wells as a municipal water supply source. Withdrawal of groundwater in karst regions implicates rights to use groundwater and possible interference with other rights of nearby landowners. Drought conditions and increased population contribute to an increased incidence of legal disputes over the use of groundwater as a municipal water supply source in karst regions. High-volume pumping of groundwater may cause land subsidence, including sinkholes, drying of springs and/or streams and loss in value of nearby land. This paper examines the legal causes of action available to landowners adversely affected by high-volume groundwater pumping: groundwater rights, "loss of lateral and subjacent support", nuisance, and "takings". The author concludes that the law fails to include environmental and geoscience considerations. State legislatures should consider legislative changes to unify legal and scientific principles.  相似文献   

Integrated models of diamond formation and craton evolution   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Steven B. Shirey  Stephen H. Richardson  Jeffrey W. Harris   《Lithos》2004,77(1-4):923-944

Two decades of diamond research in southern Africa allow the age, average N content and carbon composition of diamonds, and the dominant paragenesis of their syngenetic silicate and sulfide inclusions to be integrated on a cratonwide scale with a model of craton formation. Individual eclogitic sulfide inclusions in diamonds from the Kimberley area kimberlites, Koffiefontein, Orapa and Jwaneng have Re–Os isotopic ages that range from circa 2.9 Ga to the mid-Proterozoic and display little correspondence with the prominent variations in the P-wave velocity (±1%) that the mantle lithosphere shows at depths within the diamond stability field (150–225 km). Silicate inclusions in diamonds and their host diamond compositions for the above kimberlites, Finsch, Jagersfontein, Roberts Victor, Premier, Venetia, and Letlhakane show a regional relationship to the seismic velocity of the lithosphere. Mantle lithosphere with slower P-wave velocity relative to the craton average correlates with a greater proportion of eclogitic vs. peridotitic silicate inclusions in diamond, a greater incidence of younger Sm–Nd ages of silicate inclusions, a greater proportion of diamonds with lighter C isotopic composition, and a lower percentage of low-N diamonds. The oldest formation ages of diamonds support a model whereby mantle that became part of the continental keel of cratonic nuclei first was created by middle Archean (3.2–3.3 Ga or older) mantle depletion events with high degrees of melting and early harzburgite formation. The predominance of eclogitic sulfide inclusions in the 2.9 Ga age population links late Archean (2.9 Ga) subduction–accretion events to craton stabilization. These events resulted in a widely distributed, late Archean generation of eclogitic diamonds in an amalgamated craton. Subsequent Proterozoic tectonic and magmatic events altered the composition of the continental lithosphere and added new lherzolitic and eclogitic diamonds to the already extensive Archean diamond suite. Similar age/paragenesis systematics are seen for the more limited data sets from the Slave and Siberian cratons.  相似文献   

Impact of a rock avalanche on a moraine‐dammed proglacial lake: Laguna Safuna Alta,Cordillera Blanca,Peru     

Bryn Hubbard  Andrew Heald  John M. Reynolds  Duncan Quincey  Shaun D. Richardson  Marco Zapata Luyo  Nelson Santillan Portilla  Michael J. Hambrey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(10):1251-1264

Moraines that dam proglacial lakes pose an increasing hazard to communities in the Andes and other mountain ranges. The moraines are prone to failure through collapse, overtopping by lake waters or the effect of displacement waves resulting from ice and rock avalanches. Resulting floods have led to the loss of thousands of lives in the Cordillera Blanca mountains of Peru alone in the last 100 years. On 22 April 2002 a rock avalanche occurred immediately to the south‐west of Laguna Safuna Alta, in the Cordillera Blanca. The geomorphic evidence for the nature, magnitude and consequences of this event was investigated in August 2002. Field mapping indicated that the avalanche deposited 8–20 × 10⁶ m³ of rock into the lake and onto the surface of the frontal region of Glaciar Pucajirca, which flows into the lake. Repeated bathymetric surveying indicated that ～5 × 10⁶ m³ of this material was deposited directly into the lake. The immediate effect of this event was to create a displacement wave that gained in height as it travelled along the lake basin, overtopping the impounding moraine at the lake's northern end. To achieve overtopping, the maximum wave height must have been greater than 100 m. This, and subsequent seiche waves, caused extensive erosion of both the proximal and distal faces of the impounding terminal moraine. Further deep gullying of the distal face of this moraine resulted from the supply of pressurized water to the face via a relief overflow tunnel constructed in 1978. Two‐dimensional, steady‐state analysis of the stability of the post‐avalanche moraine rampart indicates that its proximal face remains susceptible to major large‐scale rotational failure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献