Geodetic methods to determine the relativistic redshift at the level of 10$$^{}$$ in the context of international timescales: a review and practical results     

Heiner Denker  Ludger Timmen  Christian Voigt  Stefan Weyers  Ekkehard Peik  Helen S. Margolis  Pacôme Delva  Peter Wolf  Gérard Petit 《Journal of Geodesy》2018,92(5):487-516

The frequency stability and uncertainty of the latest generation of optical atomic clocks is now approaching the one part in \(10^{18}\) level. Comparisons between earthbound clocks at rest must account for the relativistic redshift of the clock frequencies, which is proportional to the corresponding gravity (gravitational plus centrifugal) potential difference. For contributions to international timescales, the relativistic redshift correction must be computed with respect to a conventional zero potential value in order to be consistent with the definition of Terrestrial Time. To benefit fully from the uncertainty of the optical clocks, the gravity potential must be determined with an accuracy of about \(0.1\,\hbox {m}^{2}\,\hbox {s}^{-2}\), equivalent to about 0.01 m in height. This contribution focuses on the static part of the gravity field, assuming that temporal variations are accounted for separately by appropriate reductions. Two geodetic approaches are investigated for the derivation of gravity potential values: geometric levelling and the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)/geoid approach. Geometric levelling gives potential differences with millimetre uncertainty over shorter distances (several kilometres), but is susceptible to systematic errors at the decimetre level over large distances. The GNSS/geoid approach gives absolute gravity potential values, but with an uncertainty corresponding to about 2 cm in height. For large distances, the GNSS/geoid approach should therefore be better than geometric levelling. This is demonstrated by the results from practical investigations related to three clock sites in Germany and one in France. The estimated uncertainty for the relativistic redshift correction at each site is about \(2 \times 10^{-18}\).  相似文献   

A continuous model for sand dunes: Review,new developments and application to barchan dunes and barchan dune fields     

Orencio Durán  Eric J.R. Parteli  Hans J. Herrmann 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(13):1591-1600

Basically, sand dunes are patterns resulting from the coupling of hydrodynamic and sediment transport. Once grains move, they modify the surface topography which in turns modifies the flow. This important feedback mechanism lies at the core of continuous dune modelling. Here we present an updated review of such a model for aeolian dunes, including important modifications to improve its predicting power. For instance, we add a more realistic wind model and provide a self‐consistent set of parameters independently validated. As an example, we are able to simulate realistic barchan dunes, which are the basic solution of the model in the condition of unidirectional flow and scarce sediments. From the simulation, we extract new relations describing the morphology and dynamics of barchans that compare very well with existing field data. Next, we revisit the problem of the stability of barchan dunes and argue that they are intrinsically unstable bed‐forms. Finally, we perform more complex simulations: first, a barchan dune under variable wind strength and, second, barchan dune fields under different boundary conditions. The latter has important implications for the problem of the genesis of barchan dunes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Carbon dioxide fluxes of soils and mosses in wet tundra of Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia: controlling factors and contribution to net system fluxes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Martin Sommerkorn  Manfred Bölter  Ludger Kappen 《Polar research》1999,18(2):253-260

Knowledge of the environmental controls of carbon dioxide fluxes is essential for understanding the dynamics of carbon exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere. In this study we investigated soil respiration and moss photosynthesis as well as their contribution to the net carbon dioxide flux of two different wet tundra systems. During two summers, in situ carbon dioxide fluxes were measured in a tussock tundra and in a low-centre polygonal tundra on Taimyr Peninsula, central Siberia. Measurements were carried out by means of a multichannel gas exchange system. Results show pronounced differences in soil respiration rates as related to microscale topography, mainly due to differences of soil water table and soil temperatures. Modelling of soil respiration for individual microsites revealed differences of process performance with respect to both factors. The wet microsites showed the highest potential regarding an increase of soil respiration rates in warmer and drier climate change scenarios. Another important process compensating the CO₂ release from the soil was the photosynthesis of the moss layer, assimilating as much as 51% to 98% of the daily amount of carbon dioxide released from wet tundra soils. This result demonstrates the importance of mosses in the context of tundra ecosystem processes. The magnitude of net system fluxes of the whole system at the depression of the polygonal tundra was strongly influenced by changes in soil water table. Consequently, any changes of the hydrology, as anticipated in the context of global change, would effectively alter the carbon balance of wet tundra systems.  相似文献   

The carbon dioxide system in the northwestern Indian Ocean during south–west monsoon     

Ludger Mintrop  Arne Krtzinger  Jan C. Duinker 《Marine Chemistry》1999,64(4):289

Data on the carbonate system of the Northwestern Indian Ocean obtained on a cruise of F.S. Meteor during SW monsoon in July/August 1995 were compared with those of George et al. [George, M.D., Kumar, M.D., Naqvi, S.W.A., Banerjee, S., Narvekar, P.V., de Sousa, S.N., Jayakumar, D.A., 1994. A study of the carbon dioxide system in the northern Indian Ocean during premonsoon. Mar. Chem. 47, 243–254] collected during intermonsoon. In general, deep water values agreed well between the two expeditions. Surface waters, however, showed a substantial increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (C_T) in the coastal regions due to strong upwelling in the SW monsoon. This was also accompanied by very high CO₂ partial pressures in surface waters. The north–south gradients in vertical profiles of the measured parameters in the Arabian Sea are discussed by comparing profiles from the oligotrophic equatorial region with those from the highly productive central Arabian Sea. The effect of denitrification on regenerated C_T and A_T is minor, with contributions of <9 and <8 μmol kg⁻¹, respectively, to the total amount regenerated also utilizing oxygen. The dissolution of biogenic carbonates is discussed; different approaches to define the depth, where the dissolution starts (lysocline(s), carbonate critical depth (CCrD)), are compared together with the calculation of saturation depth from carbonate concentrations. It is shown, that small differences in measured C_T and A_T (found between our data and those measured during GEOSECS) and different calculation approaches to the CO₂ system (different dissociation constants for species involved and taking into account phosphate and silicate concentrations) can produce pronounced differences in the calculated saturation depths. However, C_T and A_T data suggest substantial dissolution of biogenic carbonate in the water column even above the calcite lysocline, irrespective of the procedures followed to calculate this horizon.  相似文献   

The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO₂ systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean     

Arne Krtzinger  Ludger Mintrop  Douglas W. R. Wallace  Kenneth M. Johnson  Craig Neill  Bronte Tilbrook  Philip Towler  Hisayuki Y. Inoue  Masao Ishii  Gary Shaffer  Rodrigo F. Torres Saavedra  Eiji Ohtaki  Eiji Yamashita  Alain Poisson  Christian Brunet  Bernard Schauer  Catherine Goyet  Greg Eischeid 《Marine Chemistry》2000,72(2-4)

The ‘International Intercomparison Exercise of fCO₂ Systems’ was carried out in 1996 during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 from Bermuda/UK to Gran Canaria/Spain. Nine groups from six countries (Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, USA) participated in this exercise, bringing together 15 participants with seven underway fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO₂) systems, one discrete fCO₂ system, and two underway pH systems, as well as systems for discrete measurement of total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon. Here, we compare surface seawater fCO₂ measured synchronously by all participating instruments. A common infrastructure (seawater and calibration gas supply), different quality checks (performance of calibration procedures for CO₂, temperature measurements) and a common procedure for calculation of final fCO₂ were provided to reduce the largest possible amount of controllable sources of error. The results show that under such conditions underway measurements of the fCO₂ in surface seawater and overlying air can be made to a high degree of agreement (±1 μatm) with a variety of possible equilibrator and system designs. Also, discrete fCO₂ measurements can be made in good agreement (±3 μatm) with underway fCO₂ data sets. However, even well-designed systems, which are operated without any obvious sign of malfunction, can show significant differences of the order of 10 μatm. Based on our results, no “best choice” for the type of the equilibrator nor specifics on its dimensions and flow rates of seawater and air can be made in regard to the achievable accuracy of the fCO₂ system. Measurements of equilibrator temperature do not seem to be made with the required accuracy resulting in significant errors in fCO₂ results. Calculation of fCO₂ from high-quality total dissolved inorganic carbon (C_T) and total alkalinity (A_T) measurements does not yield results comparable in accuracy and precision to fCO₂ measurements.  相似文献   

Time-domain sparsity promoting least-squares reverse time migration with source estimation     

Mengmeng Yang  Zhilong Fang  Philipp Witte  Felix J. Herrmann 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(9):2697-2711

Least-squares reverse-time migration is well known for its capability to generate artefact-free true-amplitude subsurface images through fitting observed data in the least-squares sense. However, when applied to realistic imaging problems, this approach is faced with issues related to overfitting and excessive computational costs induced by many wave-equation solves. The fact that the source function is unknown complicates this situation even further. Motivated by recent results in stochastic optimization and transform-domain sparsity promotion, we demonstrate that the computational costs of inversion can be reduced significantly while avoiding imaging artefacts and restoring amplitudes. While powerful, these new approaches do require accurate information on the source-time function, which is often lacking. Without this information, the imaging quality deteriorates rapidly. We address this issue by presenting an approach where the source-time function is estimated on the fly through a technique known as variable projection. Aside from introducing negligible computational overhead, the proposed method is shown to perform well on imaging problems with noisy data and problems that involve complex settings such as salt. In either case, the presented method produces high-resolution high-amplitude fidelity images including an estimate for the source-time function. In addition, due to its use of stochastic optimization, we arrive at these images at roughly one to two times the cost of conventional reverse-time migration involving all data.  相似文献   

A GIS based approach to back trajectory analysis for the source apportionment of aerosol constituents and its first application     

Dominik van Pinxteren  Erika Brüggemann  Thomas Gnauk  Konrad Müller  Christian Thiel  Hartmut Herrmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,67(1):1-28

A new method has been developed to combine back trajectory statistics with a detailed land cover analysis. It provides numeric proxies for the residence times of sampled air masses above certain land cover classes (marine, natural vegetation, agricultural lands, urban areas, and bare areas), as well as further meteorological parameters (mean trajectory length, solar radiation along trajectory, and local height of the boundary mixing layer). The method has been implemented into a GIS-enabled database system to allow for an efficient processing of large datasets with low computational demands. A principal component analysis was performed on a dataset including the modelled residence times, the modelled meteorological parameters, some measured meteorological parameters (wind speed and temperature), and the concentrations of 10 particle constituents (inorganic ions and organic and elemental carbon) in 5 particle size ranges for 29 winter- and summertime samples at an urban background site in Leipzig, Germany. Six principal components could be extracted which together explained about 80% of the total variance in the dataset. The factors could be attributed to the influence of meteorology to continental background pollution, secondary formation processes in polluted air masses, wood burning, aged sea-salt, local traffic, and long-range transported crustal material. The modelled residence times and the meteorological parameters were generally consistent with the existing knowledge of specific particle sources and thereby facilitated and strengthened the interpretation of the factors. Moreover, they allowed for a clear distinction between continental background pollution and secondary formation processes, which has not been possible in previous source apportionment studies. The results demonstrate that the combined usage of back trajectory, land cover, and meteorological data by the presented method yields valuable additional information on the history of sampled air masses, which can improve the quality of source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol constituents.  相似文献   

Mechanism development and modelling of tropospheric multiphase halogen chemistry: The CAPRAM Halogen Module 2.0 (HM2)     

Peter Bräuer  Andreas Tilgner  Ralf Wolke  Hartmut Herrmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2013,70(1):19-52

A new detailed multiphase halogen mechanism, the CAPRAM Halogen Module 2.0 (HM2), has been developed and coupled to the multiphase chemistry mechanism RACM-MIM2ext/CAPRAM 3.0n. The overall mechanism comprises 1,705 reactions including 595 reactions of the HM2. Halogen chemistry box model studies have been, for the first time, performed with a non-permanent cloud scenario for pristine open ocean regions in mid-latitudes. Moreover, detailed time-resolved reaction flux analysis has been used to investigate the multiphase halogen reaction cycles in more detail. Clouds significantly change the multiphase halogen chemical system and new reaction cycles are proposed for in-cloud conditions. While most gas phase concentrations are decreased for chlorine and iodine species, they are increased for bromine. Flux analyses determined the relative contributions of the methylene dihalides CH₂IX (X = Cl, Br, I) as the main I atom source with a contribution of about 80 % to the total iodocarbon sources. Furthermore, HOI was confirmed to be important for chlorine activation. It is shown that 25 % of the ozone loss can be attributed to halogens. VOC oxidation by halogens is important as halogens account for about 20 % of the methane oxidation and up to 80 % of the oxidation of other VOCs. In other cases, enhanced VOC and VOC oxidation product concentration levels were found. For example, 15 % of the methyl peroxyl radicals are formed after the reaction of chlorine atoms with methane or methyl hydroperoxide. In the aqueous phase, changes in the oxidation of organics do only occur for highly oxidised organics without a C-H bond. For example, over 80 % of oxalic acid are oxidised by electron transfer with Cl₂ ^? in deliquescent particles during non-cloud periods.  相似文献   

Long-term size-segregated particle (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) characterization study at Melpitz -- influence of air mass inflow, weather conditions and season     

G. Spindler  A. Grüner  K. Müller  S. Schlimper  H. Herrmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2013,70(2):165-195

Size-segregated high-volume (HV) quartz filter samples were collected daily at the Melpitz rural site in Germany for PM₁₀ (November 1992 until April 2012), and for PM_2.5 and PM₁ (January 2003 until April 2012, PM₁ sampled every sixth day). The samples were analysed for mass concentration (gravimetrically), water-soluble ions (ion-chromatography) and since 2003 for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) (thermography). The long-term measurements first show a decreasing trend for PM₁₀ (1993–2000) followed by a second period (2001–2011) with a mean mass concentration of about 22.4 μgm^?3 and an inter-annual variation of about?±?2.9 μgm^?3 (13% fluctuation margin). The absolute sulphate and calcium concentration (for the full period), as well as the EC concentration (time after 2003) decrease by about 50, 75 and 30% for PM₁₀, respectively. The nitrate concentration remains constant all the time. For the daily objective weather type classification (OWTC, 1993–2002) the highest PM₁₀ concentration was found for South-East (SE) and the lowest for North-West (NW) wind direction with 44 and 24 μgm^?3, respectively. These concentrations decrease for 2003–2011 in comparison to 1993–2002 by about 21% and 26%, respectively. The highest PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ concentrations (2003–2011) were found for SE and the lowest for NW wind direction with about 34 and 17 μgm^?3 (PM₁₀), 28 and 19 μgm^?3 (PM_2.5) and 22 and 11 μgm^?3 (PM₁), respectively. The relative content of sulphate, OC and EC was the highest for SE wind direction. A differentiation into four categories for winter (Wi) and summer (Su) and air mass inflow from West (W) and East (E) was carried out. The highest PM concentrations were observed for WiE with the highest inter-annual fluctuation. In this category sulphate contents are largest. The lowest concentrations where found for SuW. The means for WiE show the strongest relative decreases, e.g. in PM₁₀ sulphate (1993–2011) and EC (2003–2011) by about 60% and 40%, respectively. Nitrate is an indicator for NO_x motor-car emissions. It shows a typical variation with maximum values in the middle of the week_, especially for air mass inflow from West. In contrast, chloride mostly originating from sea spray doesn’t show such a concentration pattern. The PM_2.5/PM₁₀ as well the PM₁/PM₁₀-ratio have the highest median (0.878 and 0.654) during WiE and the lowest (0.718 and 0.578) during SuW, respectively. For the ratio PM_2.5/PM₁₀ a slightly increasing trend was found (about 0.71 and 0.83 for 1995 and 2011, respectively). The increase is stronger in summer than in winter.  相似文献   

Multiwavelength observations of the impulsive flare of November 19, 1990     

R. Herrmann  E. Rolli  E. Correia  J. E. R. Costa 《Solar physics》1994,149(1):155-170

We present the observation and interpretation of a solar radio burst whose evolution of the source position at 48 GHz has been correlated with microwave spectral observations from 3.1 to 19.6 GHz and H imaging spectrograms. The event of November 19, 1990 showed 4 impulsive peaks in microwaves and 2 H kernels. There exists strong evidence that the impulsive emission has originated from nonthermal electrons including an electron beam during the rising phase of the third microwave peak. The complex evolution of the source position at 48 GHz is attributed to two inhomogeneous and spatially separated sources with changing relative brightness.  相似文献