High-frequency maximum observable shaking map of Italy from fault sources     

Gaetano Zonno  Roberto Basili  Fabrizio Meroni  Gemma Musacchio  P. Martin Mai  Gianluca Valensise 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2012,10(4):1075-1107

We present a strategy for obtaining fault-based maximum observable shaking (MOS) maps, which represent an innovative concept for assessing deterministic seismic ground motion at a regional scale. Our approach uses the fault sources supplied for Italy by the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources, and particularly by its composite seismogenic sources (CSS), a spatially continuous simplified 3-D representation of a fault system. For each CSS, we consider the associated Typical Fault, i.e., the portion of the corresponding CSS that can generate the maximum credible earthquake. We then compute the high-frequency (1–50?Hz) ground shaking for a rupture model derived from its associated maximum credible earthquake. As the Typical Fault floats within its CSS to occupy all possible positions of the rupture, the high-frequency shaking is updated in the area surrounding the fault, and the maximum from that scenario is extracted and displayed on a map. The final high-frequency MOS map of Italy is then obtained by merging 8,859 individual scenario-simulations, from which the ground shaking parameters have been extracted. To explore the internal consistency of our calculations and validate the results of the procedure we compare our results (1) with predictions based on the Next Generation Attenuation ground-motion equations for an earthquake of M_w 7.1, (2) with the predictions of the official Italian seismic hazard map, and (3) with macroseismic intensities included in the DBMI04 Italian database. We then examine the uncertainties and analyse the variability of ground motion for different fault geometries and slip distributions.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary corn gluten meal on growth performance and protein metabolism in relation to IGF-I and TOR gene expression of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LUO Yiwen  AI Qinghui  MAI Kangsen  ZHANG Wenbing  XU Wei  ZHANG Yanjiao  LIUFU Zhiguo 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2013,12(3):418-426

A growth experiment was conducted on cobia(Rachycentron canadum,initial weight 108.2 g ± 3.0 g) to investigate the effects of dietary corn gluten meal(CGM) levels on the fish growth,whole body composition and protein metabolism in relation to specific gene expression.Five isonitrogenous(crude protein 45%) and isoenergetic(gross energy 20 kJ g 1) practical diets were formulated by replacing 0%(the control),17.5%,35.0%,52.5%,and 70.0% of fish meal(FM) protein with CGM protein.No significant differences were observed in the survival,feed intake(FI),specific growth rate(SGR),feed efficiency(FE) and protein productive value(PPV) among fish fed diets with 0%,17.5%,35.0%,and 52.5% of CGM protein.However,these indices were significantly lower in fish fed the diet with 70.0% of CGM protein than those in fish fed the control diet(P < 0.05).The whole-body crude protein and lipid contents were significantly lower while the whole-body moisture content was significantly higher in fish fed the diet with 70.0% of CGM protein compared with the control group(P < 0.05).When 70.0% of FM protein was replaced by CGM,plasma total protein and cholesterol contents were significantly lower than those in the control group(P < 0.05).Fish fed the diet with 70.0% of CGM protein had significantly lower hepatic insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I) expression levels than those in the control group(P < 0.05).However,no significant differences were observed in hepatic target of rapamycin(TOR),dorsal muscle IGF-I and TOR expression levels among dietary treatments.Results of the present study indicated that 52.5% of FM protein could be replaced by CGM in the diets without significant influences on the growth,feed utilization and protein metabolism of juvenile cobia.The present results might be useful for developing cost effective and sustainable cobia dietary formulations.  相似文献   

Kinetics of the reactions of soot surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with NO<Subscript>2</Subscript>   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mai Lan Nguyen  Yuri Bedjanian  Angélique Guilloteau 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(2):139-150

The kinetics of heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ with 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on laboratory generated kerosene soot surface was studied over the temperature range (255–330) K in a low pressure flow reactor combined with an electron-impact mass spectrometer. The kinetics of soot-bound PAH consumption due to their desorption and reaction with NO₂ were monitored using off-line HPLC measurements of their concentrations in soot samples as a function of reaction time, NO₂ concentrations in the gas phase being analyzed by mass spectrometer. No measurable decay of PAHs due to the reaction with NO₂ was observed under experimental conditions of the study (maximum NO₂ concentration of 5.5 × 10¹⁴ molecule cm⁻³ and reaction time of 45 min), which allowed to determine the upper limits of the first-order rate constants for the heterogeneous reactions of 17 soot-bound PAHs with NO₂: k < 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ (for most PAHs studied). Comparison of these results to previous studies carried on different carbonaceous substrates, showed that heterogeneous reactivity of PAHs towards NO₂ is, probably, dependent on the substrate nature even for resembling, although different carbonaceous materials. Results show that particulate PAHs degradation by NO₂ alone is of minor importance in the atmosphere  相似文献   

Tracing carbon transfer and assimilation by invertebrates and fish across a tropical mangrove ecosystem using stable isotopes          下载免费PDF全文

Nguyen Tai Tue  Tran Dang Quy  Mai Trong Nhuan  Luu Viet Dung  Nguyen Dinh Thai 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(5)

Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that exhibit a diverse range of habitats, including tidal creeks and flats, forest gaps and interior forest with varying understory light intensity, tidal dynamics, geomorphological settings, and overall biological production. Within mangrove ecosystems, invertebrates and fish feed on heterogeneous food sources, the occurrence of which is unevenly distributed across the system. This provides a basis for testing models of carbon transfer across mangrove ecosystems. We hypothesized that the carbon transfer and assimilation by fish and invertebrates will vary across the different mangrove habitats and that such variations can be predicted by their stable isotope compositions. We analysed δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures of consumers and their potential organic carbon sources across a tropical mangrove ecosystem in Vietnam. The δ¹³C values of crabs and snails significantly decreased from the tidal flat to interior forest, indicating that variations in carbon transfer and assimilation occurred at small scales <30 m. Reduced variation in δ¹³C of suspension‐feeding bivalves suggested that tidal water was a vector for large‐scale transport of carbon across the mangrove ecosystem. An analysis of co‐variance using habitat as a fixed factor and feeding habit and movement capacity of consumers as co‐variates indicated that habitat and feeding types were major features that affected the δ¹³C values of invertebrates and fish. The findings demonstrate that carbon transfer and assimilation across mangrove ecosystems occur as a diverse combination of small (<30 m) and large (>30 m) scale processes.  相似文献   

新疆阿斯塔那古墓群出土彩塑马尾装饰物的科学分析     

陈涛  贺婧婧  姚书文  邱振威  麦慧娟  王博  蒋洪恩 《第四纪研究》2019,39(1):258-263

阿斯塔那古墓群是新疆发现的最为重要的历史时期遗址之一,一直以来备受学术界关注。由于吐鲁番盆地气候炎热干燥,阿斯塔那古墓群保存下了数以万计的珍贵文物,其中包括颇为少见的各种泥俑。文章利用红外光谱、纤维旋转实验和显微形态观察等方法对阿斯塔那古墓群出土彩塑泥俑的马尾装饰物进行了科学分析,结果显示这些纤维来自于原产于近东、地中海沿岸的亚麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)。同时,结合出土文书,探讨了唐代吐鲁番地区亚麻的栽培利用状况,为深入认识亚麻传入中国的时间和路线提供了新的科学依据。  相似文献   

碳酸盐烃源岩排烃的若干特点   总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1  

汪本善  张丽洁 《地球化学》1996,25(4):317-323

通过典型碳酸盐型油气田的野外调查研究和对未成熟碳酸盐生油岩在外加温、外加压条件下所作的生烃一排烃模拟实验结果，获得下列新的认识：（１）碳酸盐烃源岩排烃的驱动力主要不是来自地层的压实作用，而是由于生烃过程中分子体积膨胀所产生的内应力（即生烃增压）。该应力与周围环境形成潜在的压力梯度，这是排驱动力的内在因素。但是单凭此因素尚不足以造成排烃，只有当后来烃源层受到外力作用（如导致微裂隙产生的区域性构造活动、造成溶蚀交代出现缝缝洞洞的地下水活动等）生成裂隙空间，并在源岩与裂隙间出现真正的压差时，才引发烃源层中积蓄的应力释放，从而造成排烃。因此、区域性的外力作用是排烃的控制因素。（２）碳酸盐烃源岩中生烃时间甚早，一般在Ｒ＿０为０．４５％左右时就开始生成低熟原油。但由于碳酸岩岩石粒间孔径甚小，虽有低熟油生成，却不能象泥质烃源岩那样在其烃浓度超过最低石油运移饱和度时就可排烃。事实证明，无论生烃量多大，只要碳酸盐烃源岩中不出现有效的通道，排烃作用可能永远不会进行。因此，当碳酸盐烃源岩中油气生成之后，裂隙发生的时间就成为决定碳酸盐烃源岩排烃时间的基本因素。（３）碳酸盐烃源岩中烃类初次运移基本上是以全烃相进行的，这与碳酸盐岩在后  相似文献   

用Pb-Pb同位素方法直接测定石炭系碳酸盐岩珊瑚化石年龄   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

高劢  刘敦一  李永安 《地质论评》1996,42(1):22-29,T001

在地球化学领域中,直接解决沉积层序和早期成岩时代的定年问题长期以来被证明是具有挑战性的问题之一。用Pb-Pb同位素方法直接测定沉积碳酸盐岩的年龄是最近几年才发展起来的。本文报道了一个成功的研究新疆珊瑚年龄的例子,得到了石炭系珊瑚化石的年龄为344±7Ma,它与古生物学确定的年龄十分吻合。得到另一组年龄为334±25Ma,它的地质意义在进一步讨论中。这一结果表明,我们可以从单一珊瑚样品中得到一个精确的地层年龄,碳酸盐测年技术在建立沉积层序的绝对年代学中具有相当大的潜力。  相似文献   

Geometric and aerodynamic roughness of sea ice   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. Mai  C. Wamser  C. Kottmeier 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1996,77(3-4):233-248

The aerodynamic drag of Arctic sea ice is calculated using surface data, measured by an airborne laser altimeter and a digital camera in the marginal ice zone of Fram Strait. The influence of the surface morphology on the momentum transfer under neutral thermal stratification in the atmospheric boundary layer is derived with the aid of model concepts, based on the partitioning of the surface drag into a form drag and a skin drag. The drag partitioning concept pays attention to the probability density functions of the geometric surface parameters. We found for the marginal ice zone that the form drag, caused by floe edges, can amount to 140% of the skin drag, while the effect of pressure ridges never exceeded 40%. Due to the narrow spacing of obstacles, the skin drag is significantly reduced by shadowing effects on the leeward side of floe edges. For practical purposes, the fractional sea-ice coverage can be used to parameterize the drag coefficientC _dn, related to the 10 m-wind. C _dnincreases from 1.2 · 10^-3 over open water to 2.8 · 10^-3 for 55% ice coverage and decreases to 1.5 · 10^-3 for 100% ice coverage.Aircraft turbulence measurements are used to compare the model values of C _dnwith measureents. The correlation between measured and modelled drag coefficients results in r ² = 0.91, where r is the correlation coefficient.  相似文献   

江西柘林水电站扩建工程安全监测分析     

何迈  肖本职  景峰 《岩土力学》2003,(Z1)

对江西柘林水电站扩建工程80山包施工监测布置及成果进行了介绍,并对监测成果进行了分析,安全监测在工程施工中发挥了重要作用。  相似文献   

两种基桩无损检测方法的比较     

潘纪顺  梁慧云  姬计法  张麦  刘志伟  吕芝全  王碧辉 《地震研究》2001,24(4):370-374

通过一个工程实例，对比了应力波反射法和地质雷达仪检测基桩的效果，阐明了地质雷达检测基桩桩身质量的独特优势。  相似文献