Precipitation drives interannual variation in summer soil respiration in a Mediterranean-climate, mixed-conifer forest     

Amy Concilio  Jiquan Chen  Siyan Ma  Malcolm North 《Climatic change》2009,92(1-2):109-122

Predictions of future climate change rely on models of how both environmental conditions and disturbance impact carbon cycling at various temporal and spatial scales. Few multi-year studies, however, have examined how carbon efflux is affected by the interaction of disturbance and interannual climate variation. We measured daytime soil respiration (R _s) over five summers (June–September) in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest on undisturbed plots and plots manipulated with thinning, burning and their combination. We compared mean summer R _s by year with seasonal precipitation. On undisturbed plots we found that winter precipitation (PPT_w) explained between 77–96% of interannual variability in summer R _s. In contrast, spring and summer precipitation had no significant effect on summer R _s. PPT_w is an important influence on summer R _s in the Sierra Nevada because over 80% of annual precipitation falls as snow between October and April, thus greatly influencing the soil water conditions during the following growing season. Thinning and burning disrupted the relationship between PPT_w and R_s, possibly because of significant increases in soil moisture and temperature as tree density and canopy cover decreased. Our findings suggest that R _s in some moisture-limited ecosystems may be significantly influenced by annual snowpack and that management practices which reduce tree densities and soil moisture stress may offset, at least temporarily, the effect of predicted decreases in Sierran snowpack on R _s.  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of coupled fluid flow and thermal and reactive biogeochemical transport in porous and fractured media     

Gour-Tsyh Yeh  Yilin Fang  Fan Zhang  Jiangtao Sun  Yuan Li  Ming-Hsu Li  Malcolm D. Siegel 《Computational Geosciences》2010,14(1):149-170

Subsurface contamination problems of metals and radionuclides are ubiquitous. Metals and radionuclides may exist in the solute phase or may be bound to soil particles and interstitial portions of the geologic matrix. Accurate tools to reliably predict the migration and transformation of these metals and radionuclides in the subsurface environment enhance the ability of environmental scientists, engineers, and decision makers to analyze their impact and to evaluate the efficacy of alternative remediation techniques prior to incurring expense in the field. A mechanistic-based numerical model could provide such a tool. This paper communicates the development and verification of a mechanistically coupled fluid-flow thermal-reactive biogeochemical-transport model where both fast and slow reactions occur in porous and fractured media. Theoretical bases, numerical implementations, and numerical experiments using the model are described. A definition of the “rates” of fast/equilibrium reactions is presented to come up with a consistent set of governing equations. Two example problems are presented. The first one is a reactive transport problem which elucidates the non-isothermal effects on heterogeneous reactions. It also demonstrates that the rates of fast/equilibrium reactions are not necessarily greater than that of slow/kinetic reactions in the context of reactive transport. The second example focuses on a complicated but realistic advective–dispersive–reactive transport problem. This example exemplifies the need for innovative numerical algorithms to solve problems involving stiff geochemical reactions. It also demonstrates that rates of all fast/equilibrium reactions are finite and definite. Furthermore, it is noted that a species-versus-time curve cannot be used to characterize the rate of homogeneous fast/equilibrium reaction in a reactive transport system even if one and only one such reaction is responsible for the production of this species.  相似文献   

Acknowledgement to Reviewers     

Malcolm Jobling 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(2):311-311

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement to Reviewers  相似文献   

Petrologic diversity in Mount St. Helens dacites during the last 4,000 years: implications for magma mixing     

James E. Gardner  Steve Carey  Malcolm J. Rutherford  Haraldur Sigurdsson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,119(2-3):224-238

Mount St. Helens has explosively erupted dacitic magma discontinuously over the last 40,000 years, and detailed stratigraphic data are available for the past 4,000 years. During this last time period the major-element composition of the dacites has ranged from mafic (62–64 wt% SiO₂) to felsic (65–67 wt% SiO₂), temperature has varied by about 150°C (770°–920°C), and crystallinity has ranged between 20% and 55%. Water content of these dacites has also fluctuated greatly. Although the source for the dacitic magmas is probably partial melting of lower crustal rocks, there is strong physical evidence, such as banded pumices, thermal heterogeneities in single pumices, phenocryst disequilibrium, contrasts between compositions of glass inclusions and host matrix glass, and amphibole reaction rims, that suggests that magma mixing has been prominent in the dacitic reservoir. Indeed, we suggest that the variations in major- and trace-element abundances in Mount St. Helens dacites indicate that magma mixing between felsic dacite and mafic magma has controlled the petrologic diversity of the dacitic magmas. Magma mixing has also controlled the composition of andesites erupted at Mount St. Helens, and thus it appears that the continuum of magmatic composition erupted at the volcano is controlled by mixing between felsic dacite, or possibly rhyodacite, and basalt. The flux of the felsic endmember to the reservior appears to have been relatively constant, whereas the flux of basalt may have increased in the past 4,000 years, as suggested by the apparently increased abundance of mafic dacite and andesite erupted in this period.  相似文献   

Effects of cation disordering in a natural MgAl2O4 spinel observed by rectangular parallelepiped ultrasonic resonance and Raman measurements     

Hyunchae Cynn  Orson L. Anderson  Malcolm Nicol 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1993,141(2-4):415-444

At moderate temperatures, the elastic properties of natural MgAl₂O₄ spinel differ in several significant ways from properties of synthetic spinels. Below 1000 K, the ultrasonic resonant frequencies of an ordered natural spinel change significantly after heat treatment; at higher temperatures, both types of spinels have similar resonant responses. The temperature derivatives of the elastic constants of an ordered spinel also differ from those of disordered spinels at moderate temperatures; again, at higher temperatures, both types of spinels have similar behaviors. The Raman spectra also differ below 1000 K for ordered natural and disordered spinels and are similar at higher temperatures and after cooling to ambient temperature. We associate these changes in ultrasonic resonance and Raman spectra of spinel with cation disordering at high temperature which may be quenched by cooling. We deduce estimates of the inversion parameter from the relative intensities of the two A_1g Raman modes in very good agreement with estimates made from other measurements. We find thatC ₁₁ andC ₁₂ decrease by 4 and 8%, respectively, with 20% inversion in spinel;C ₄₄ is less sensitive to cation order. These results imply that previous measurements of the adiabatic elastic constants of spinels at ambient conditions have been affected by the state of cation disorder of the specimen.  相似文献   

A Program to Analyze Aquifer Test Data and Check for Validity with the Jacob Method     

Malcolm S. Field 《Ground water》1993,31(2):316-320

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Natural gas hydrates: Energy for the future     

Malcolm Kelland 《Marine pollution bulletin》1994,29(6-12):307-311

The recent increased interest in gas hydrates has partly been the result of their potential as an energy source and for energy storage. Natural gas hydrates are found world-wide and contain vast stores of methane fuel. The estimates for the amount of methane are comparable to or even greater than conventional natural gas sources and therefore represent an extensive source of untapped energy. In addition, natural gas hydrates contain high concentrations of methane gas. This property can be exploited for natural gas transportation and storage in the form of hydrates as they can easily be stabilized at moderate pressures (10–25 bars) and temperatures (5–15°C).  相似文献   

Preface     

Ian Campbell  Malcolm McCulloch 《Lithos》1993,30(3-4):191

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¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of Aleutian island arc magmas     

Malcolm T. McCulloch  Michael R. Perfit 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981

¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and trace element results are reported for volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Aleutian island arc. The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions plot within the mantle array with ε_Nd values of from 6.5 to 9.1 and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of from 0.70289 to 0.70342. Basalts have mildly enriched light REE abundances but essentially unfractionated heavy REE abundances, while andesites exhibit a greater degree of light to heavy REE fractionation. Both the basalts and andesites have significant large ion lithophile element to light rare earth element (LILE/LREE) enrichments. Variations in the isotopic compositions of Nd and Sr are not related to the spatial distribution of volcanoes in the arc, nor are they related to temporal differences. ε_Nd and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr do not correlate with major element compositions but do, however, correlate with certain LILE/LREE ratios (e.g. Ba_N/La_N). Plutonic rocks have isotropic and trace element characteristics identical to some of the volcanic rocks. Rocks that make up the tholeiitic, calc-alkaline and alkaline series in the Aleutians do not come from isotopically distinct sources, but do exhibit some differing LILE characteristics.Given these elemental and isotopic constraints it is shown that the Aleutian arc magmas could not have been derived directly from homogeneous MORB-type mantle, or fresh or altered MORB subducted beneath the arc. Mixtures of partially altered MORB with deep-sea sediment can in principle account for the isotopic characteristics and most of the observed LILE/LREE enrichments. However, some samples have exceedingly high LILE/LREE enrichments which cannot be accounted for by sediment contamination alone. For these samples a more complex scenario is considered whereby dehydration and partial melting of the subducted slab, containing less than 8% sediment, produces a LILE-enriched (relative to REE) metasomatic fluid which interacts with the overlying depleted mantle wedge. The isotopic and LILE characteristics of the mantle are extremely sensitive to metasomatism by small percentages of added fluid, whereas major elements are not substantially effected, Major element compositions of Aleutian magmas are dominantly controlled by the partial melting of this mantle and subsequent crystal fractionation; whereas isotopic and LILE characteristics are determined by localized mantle heterogeneities.  相似文献   

Strategic planning and the Paris agglomeration in the 1960s and 1970s: The quest for balance and structure     

Malcolm J. Moseley 《Geoforum》1980,11(3):179-223

Strategic planning in the Paris agglomeration in the 1960s and 1970s sought to correct centre—periphery and west—east imbalances in the provision of employment and services, and to promote a nodal structure within the essentially amorphous suburbs. The suburbanization of manufacturing employment and certain higher-order services, the workings of the housing market and the centrifugal dispersal of manual workers, the construction of suburban ‘poles’ and new towns, and the programme of road and rail investment are each reviewed in the context of these objectives. Success was only partial: failure to control adequately office development in central Paris and Hauts-de-Seine, to provide the suburbs with orbital as well as tangential transport connections, and to resist the embourgeoisement of the Paris housing stock left much of the imbalance in force.  相似文献