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161.
Abstract— –Shock‐metamorphosed rock fragments have been found in the Australasian microtektite layer from the South China Sea. Previous X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate that the most abundant crystalline phases in the rock fragments are coesite, quartz, and a 10 Å phase (mica/clay?). In addition, the presence of numerous other phases was suggested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis. In the present research, ten of the rock fragments, which had previously been studied using SEM/EDX, were studied by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The presence of K‐feldspar, plagioclase, rutile, ilmenite, titanite, magnetite, calcite, and dolomite were confirmed. In addition, the high‐pressure TiO2 polymorph with an α‐PbO2 structure (i.e., TiO2II) was found in several rock fragments. Two grains previously thought to have been zircon, based on their compositions, were found to have Raman spectra that do not match the Raman spectra of zircon, reidite, or any of the possible decomposition products of zircon or their high‐pressure polymorphs. We speculate that the ZrSiO4 phase might be a previously unknown high‐pressure polymorph of zircon or one of its decomposition products (i.e., ZrO2 or SiO2). The presence of coesite and TiO2 II, and partial melting and vesiculation suggest that the rock fragments containing the unknown ZrSiO4 phase must have experienced shock pressures between 45 and 60 GPa. We conclude that micro‐Raman spectroscopy, in combination with XRD and SEM/EDX, is a powerful tool for the study of small, fine‐grained impact ejecta. 相似文献
162.
Brendan Dyck David J. Waters Marc R. St-Onge Mike P. Searle 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(1):29-52
Dehydration melting of muscovite in metasedimentary sequences is the initially dominant mechanism of granitic melt generation in orogenic hinterlands. In dry (vapour-absent) crust, muscovite reacts with quartz to produce K-feldspar, sillimanite, and monzogranitic melt. When water vapour is present in excess, sillimanite and melt are the primary products of muscovite breakdown, and any K-feldspar produced is due to melt crystallization. Here we document the reaction mechanisms that control nucleation and growth of K-feldspar, sillimanite, and silicate melt in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya, and outline the microstructural criteria used to distinguish peritectic K-feldspar from K-feldspar grains formed during melt crystallization. We have characterized four stages of microstructural evolution in selected psammitic and pelitic samples from the Langtang and Everest regions: (a) K-feldspar nucleates epitaxially on plagioclase while intergrowths of fibrolitic sillimanite and the remaining hydrous melt components replace muscovite. (b) In quartzofeldspathic domains, K-feldspar replaces plagioclase by K+–Na+ cation exchange, while melt and intergrowths of sillimanite+quartz form in the aluminous domains. (c) At 7–8 vol.% melt generation, the system evolves from a closed to open system and all phases coarsen by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. (d) Preferential crystallization of residual melt on K-feldspar porphyroblasts and coarsened quartz forms an augen gneiss texture with a monzogranitic-tonalitic matrix that contains intergrowths of sillimanite+tourmaline+muscovite+apatite. Initial poikiloblasts of peritectic K-feldspar trap fine-grained inclusions of quartz and biotite by replacement growth of matrix plagioclase. During subsequent coarsening, peritectic K-feldspar grains overgrow and trap fabric-aligned biotite, resulting in a core to rim coarsening of inclusion size. These microstructural criteria enable a mass balance of peritectic K-feldspar and sillimanite to constrain the amount of free H2O present during muscovite dehydration. The resulting modal proportion of K-feldspar in the Himalayan metamorphic core requires vapour-absent conditions during muscovite dehydration melting and leucogranite formation, indicating that the generation of large volumes of granitic melts in orogenic belts is not necessarily contingent on an external source of fluids. 相似文献
163.
Walther Emil Petrascheck 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1943,34(1):38-54
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
164.
165.
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166.
Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1930,21(3):151-162
Zusammenfassung Die komplexen tertiären Vulkangebiete lassen sich auf Grund der Störungsphasen und Reliefgenerationen in verschiedene natürliche Gruppen gliedern. An Beispielen (Westerwald, Vogelsberg, Habichtswald, Hegau, Böhmisches Mittelgebirge) wird gezeigt, wie man durch Ermittlung der Reliefgenerationen die bisher zugrunde gelegte, rein petrographische Unterscheidung der Vulkangebilde ergänzen, berichtigen oder ersetzen kann und dabei zu einer richtigen Analyse des Aufbaues und der vulkanischen Ereignisse gelangt. 相似文献
167.
Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1935,26(3):227-228
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
168.
Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1931,22(3-4):187-188
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
169.
Walther Staub 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1925,16(3):161-166
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
170.
Lee Hannah Marc Steele Emily Fung Pablo Imbach Lorriane Flint Alan Flint 《Climatic change》2017,140(1):63-77
Improved cookstoves have been identified in Mexico as a key opportunity to advance sustainable local development priorities in disadvantaged regions while mitigating climate change. This paper reviews the Patsari Cookstove Project initiated in 2003 by an NGO, Interdisciplinary Group on Appropriate Rural Technology (GIRA). The project applied an interdisciplinary and participative user-centered approach to disseminate improved cookstoves in rural Mexico, with a special focus on indigenous and poor rural communities. To date, GIRA and the Patsari Network have disseminated thousands of stoves using a “training to trainers” model. Benefits from the project include tangible improvements in users’ health, as well as savings in time and money expended on fuelwood procurement and use. The project has also documented substantive environmental benefits from significant mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with traditional open fires. To sustain scaling up efforts over the long-term, two networks have been created: The Patsari Network, which includes several organizations promoting Patsari stoves for household users, and the Tsiri Network, which supports local food security and the empowerment of indigenous women through the promotion of institutional cookstoves. Through appropriately designed and implemented local interventions, the project demonstrates that the goals of advancing sustainable local development in rural areas and climate change mitigation may not be contradictory, and may in fact reinforce one another. 相似文献