Public Participation in Planning: an intellectual history     

Marcus B. Lane 《The Australian geographer》2005,36(3):283-299

This paper tracks the changing role of public participation in planning thought. In doing so, the paper shows that the role of public participation in planning is largely determined by the nature of the planning enterprise being undertaken. The definition of the planning problem, the kinds of knowledge used in planning practice, and the conceptualisation of the planning and decision-making context are the important determinants of the extent of participation offered to the public. The paper therefore contributes to thinking about how to evaluate public participation by showing that it can only be understood in terms of the decision-making context in which it is embedded. Specifically, it makes little sense to evaluate public participation in terms that are not shared by the planning model itself  相似文献   

Comparing landslide susceptibility models in the Río El Estado watershed on the SW flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano,Mexico     

Gabriel Legorreta Paulín  Solène Pouget  Marcus Bursik  Fernando Aceves Quesada  Trevor Contreras 《Natural Hazards》2016,80(1):127-139

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Effect of bed surface roughness on longitudinal dispersion in artificial open channels     

Marcus Schulz  Jan Priegnitz  Jörg Klasmeier  Stefan Heller  Stefan Meinecke  Michael Feibicke 《水文研究》2012,26(2):272-280

In several empirical and modelling studies on river hydraulics, dispersion was negatively correlated to surface roughness. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the influence of surface roughness on longitudinal dispersion under controlled conditions. In artificial flow channels with a length of 104 m, tracer experiments with variations in channel bed material were performed. By use of measured tracer breakthrough curves, average flow velocity, mean longitudinal dispersion, and mean longitudinal dispersivity were calculated. Longitudinal dispersion coefficients ranged from 0·018 m² s^?1 in channels with smooth bed surface up to 0·209 m² s^?1 in channels with coarse gravel as bed material. Longitudinal dispersion was linearly related to mean flow velocity. Accordingly, longitudinal dispersivities ranged between 0·152 ± 0·017 m in channels with smooth bed surface and 0·584 ± 0·015 m in identical channels with a coarse gravel substrate. Grain size and surface roughness of the channel bed were found to correlate positively to longitudinal dispersion. This finding contradicts several existing relations between surface roughness and dispersion. Future studies should include further variation in surface roughness to derive a better‐founded empirical equation forecasting longitudinal dispersion from surface roughness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Exposure assessment using high spatial resolution hyperspectral (HSRH) imagery     

G.M. Jacquez  W. Andrew Marcus  Richard J. Aspinall  Dunrie A. Greiling 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(1):1-14

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Leaching and differential recrystallization of metamict zircon under experimental hydrothermal conditions   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

Thorsten Geisler  Marcus Ulonska  Helmut Schleicher  Robert T. Pidgeon  Wilhelm van Bronswijk 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2001,141(1):53-65

We report results of hydrothermal experiments on four alluvial zircons from Sri Lanka, which cover a wide range of radiation damage, at 450 °C and 1.3 kbar for 744 h with 2 M CaCl₂ solution as reactive fluid. After the hydrothermal treatment, the most metamict samples show micrometer-thick reaction rims, which surround apparently unreacted zircon, as revealed by cathodoluminescence (CL) and Nomarski differential interference contrast (NDIC) images. These rims have sharp, curved, and transgressive boundaries with unreacted zircon and are, in some cases, spread out along cracks. The thickness of reaction rims increases with increasing cumulated !-dosage of the starting materials. The reaction rims are strongly enriched in Ca (up to 7000 ppm) and a water species and depleted in radiogenic Pb, Zr, and Si, as revealed by electron microprobe analyses. A significant Th loss from the reaction rims was detected in the case of the most metamict sample, whereas U remained in the structure. FT-infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the bulk run products were recrystallized. Using micro-Raman spectrometry, we were able to demonstrate that differential recrystallization took place. The reaction rims are strongly recrystallized, whereas the unreacted grain interiors underwent only minor recrystallization. Recrystallization of the rims is accompanied by an enhancement of the integral CL intensity. It is suggested that recrystallization in the reaction rims was catalyzed by water infiltration and ion exchange and prevented significant congruent zircon dissolution under the given experimental conditions. Previous zircon studies have shown that (1) a transgressive morphology, (2) a reduced Th-U ratio, and (3) an enhanced CL emission are also characteristics of rims in zircons from high-grade metamorphic rocks. Based on these similarities between natural and experimentally produced rims, it is suggested that leaching-catalyzed recrystallization is an important alteration process in zircon under wet geological conditions and can account for many complex core-rim structures found in natural zircons. Furthermore, the strong enrichment of Ca in the reaction rims supports previous assumptions that high Ca concentrations in natural zircons are of secondary origin. It is suggested that lower U-Pb concordia intercept ages obtained from single-phase zircons with high Ca contents date a leaching event.  相似文献   

Stratigraphische Methodik und Terminologie     

Otto H. Schindewolf 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1960,49(1):1-35

Zusammenfassung Als Einführung in das Verhandlungsthema der Jahrestagung wird ein Überblick über die Grundlagen der Zeitrechnung in der Geologie und über die gegenwärtigen Tendenzen der Stratigraphie gegeben. Gegenüber den amerikanischen Bestrebungen, die Einheit der Stratigraphie aufzusplittern in zahlreiche Spezial-disziplinen mit eigenen Begriffs-Hierarchien und einer Unzahl von Namen, sucht Verf. mit einem Mindestmaß unbedingt erforderlicher Kategorien auszukommen.Da absolute Altersbestimmungen in der praktischen Stratigraphie leider nur beschränkt anwendbar sind, besteht ihr Kernstück in der Biostratigraphie. Sie, und zwar sie allein, erfüllt die zu stellenden Anforderungen weltweiter Anwend-barkeit und der Lieferung zuverlässiger relativer Zeitwerte. Die sogenannte Chronostratigraphie ist mit ihr zusammenzufassen, da sie nicht über eine logische Begründung und eine eigene Methodik verfügt. Die Lithostratigraphie liefert lediglich den Rohstoff für eine stratigraphische, d. h. zeitliche Ordnung und Datierung der Gesteine. Sie ist selbst keine Stratigraphie im engeren Sinne, da sie den Zeitfaktor definitionsgemäß außer Betracht läßt. Chronologie ist eine logisch selbständige Kategorie; sie hat es nicht mit konkreten Gesteinen, sondern mit rein zeitlichen Abstraktionen zu tun. Eine besondere Klasse von Begriffen für ihre Einheiten wird nicht für notwendig gehalten. Die übrigen Stratigraphien sind der Biostratigraphie ein- und unterzuordnen oder aus der eigentlichen Stratigraphie auszuscheiden.  相似文献   

Zur permischen Vereisung der Salt Range (W.-Pakistan)     

Prof. Dr. Otto H. Schindewolf 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1967,56(1):914-918

Zusammenfassung Die unterpermischen Geröll-Packungen der östlichen Salt Range führen fazettierte und geschrammte Geschiebe unzweifelhaft glazialer Entstehung, die zusammen mit anderen Hinweisen eine Deutung der Boulder Beds als fluviatile Konglomerate (nachLotze) nicht überzeugend erscheinen lassen. Die ausgezeichnete Erhaltung der Schrammung schließt zum mindesten einen längeren Flußtransport aus. Das vereiste Gebiet muß sich daher in der Salt Range selbst oder in seiner unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft befunden haben.

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The Lower Permian boulder beds of the eastern Salt Range contain facetted and scratched boulders of unquestionably glacial origin. Their excellent preservation seems to tell in favour of a glacial tillite rather than of a fluviatile conglomerate, as supposed by F.Lotze. At least a fluvial transport of the glacial boulders over a longer distance is to be excluded. The Salt Range itself or its immediate surroundings must have been covered by the Permian glaciers.

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Résumé Les boulder beds du Permien inférieur de la Salt Range orientale contiennent des galets nettement facettés et striés d'origine glaciale. Leur préservation excellente exclut un long transport fluviatile. Par conséquent la Salt Range elle-même ou ses environs immédiats doivent avoir été couverts de glaciers permiens.

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Die vorstehenden Zeilen sind nicht als Selbstverteidigung, sondern in dem Wunsche geschrieben, den von Tübingen ausgegangenen Arbeiten E.Kokens und denen F.Noetlings, der in seinen späteren Jahren gleichfalls in Tübingen wirkte, zur Anerkennung zu verhelfen. Herrn Koll. G.Einsele danke ich verbindlichst für die Durchmusterung der von den abgebildeten Geschieben angefertigten Dünnschliffe. Unsere Bild-Erläuterungen beruhen auf seinen Bestimmungen.  相似文献   

Turbulent fluxes from Helipod flights above quasi-homogeneous patches within the LITFASS area     

Jens Bange  Thomas Spieß  Marcus Herold  Frank Beyrich  Barbara Hennemuth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):127-151

Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured with the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod over a heterogeneous landscape around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg during the STINHO-2 and LITFASS-2003 field experiments. Besides the determination of area-averaged heat fluxes, the analysis focused on different aspects of the response of the turbulent structure of the convective boundary layer (CBL) on the surface heterogeneity. A special flight pattern was designed to study flux profiles both over quasi-homogeneous sub-areas of the study region (representing the major land use types—forest, farmland, water) and over a typical mixture of the different surfaces. Significant differences were found between the heat fluxes over the individual surfaces along flight legs at about 80 m above ground level, in agreement with large-aperture scintillometer measurements. This flux separation was still present during some flights at levels near the middle of the CBL. Different scales for the blending height and horizontal heterogeneity were calculated, but none of them could be identified as a reliable indicator of the mixing state of the lower CBL. With the exception of the flights over water, the latent heat flux measurements generally showed a larger statistical error when compared with the sensible heat flux. Correlation coefficients a nd integral length scales were used to characterise the interplay between the vertical transport of sensible and latent heat, which was found to vary between ‘fairly correlated’ and ‘decoupled’, also depending on the soil moisture conditions.  相似文献   

Differences in trace metal concentrations among fluvial morphologic units and implications for sampling   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. C. Ladd  W. A. Marcus  S. Cherry 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(3-4):259-270

 This study examines the segregation of trace metals within and between fluvial morphologic units in sand-sized and finer bed sediments in a cobble bed stream. The types of fluvial morphologic units sampled are low gradient riffles, high gradient riffles, glides, eddy drop zones, lateral scour pools, attached bars, and detached bars. Three to nine samples were collected from ten of each type of morphologic unit. All 12 metals show significantly different concentrations between some morphologic units in sediments smaller than 2 mm. Eddy drop zones and attached bars consistently have the highest metal concentrations, while low gradient riffles, high gradient riffles, and glides typically have the lowest concentrations. Metals showing the greatest between-unit variability are Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, and Ti, followed by Co, Mn, and Pb, while Mg, Mn, V, and Zn display relatively few differences between units. Lateral and longitudinal variations of metals within units are not significant, and there was no consistent, predictable variation in metal concentrations with distance downstream. Results indicate that metal studies in other gravel- and cobble-bed streams should include a reconnaissance survey to determine variations between morphologic units, stratify sampling by morphologic unit, and analyze spatial autocorrelation to determine sample spacing. Received: October 1997 · Accepted: 23 March 1998  相似文献   

Details of Hydrochemical Variations in Flowing Wells     

J. Marcus Marsh  John W. Lloyd 《Ground water》1980,18(4):366-373

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