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31.
Macroseismic evaluation of the 1855 Visp (Wallis, Switzerland) earthquake effects presented by Volger in 1856–58 is discussed.
It is demonstrated that the macroseismic scale of the damage-to-buildings submitted and applied by Volger as well as his construction
of isoseismal-like (iso-damage) lines into map of the affected region represents the first standard macroseismic analysis
of an earthquake. In such a way Volger’s concept has been accepted as a model approach to earthquake study by many later seismologists
of the pre-instrumental period. 相似文献
32.
The little-known work by Ludwig Heinrich Jeitteles (1830–1883) on the 1858 Žilina strong earthquake in the Carpathian Mountains
is commemorated and analysed. Besides his detailed macroseismic analysis of the earthquake — including the construction of
isoseismal lines according to local macroseismic reports — Jeitteles was the first to superimpose the macroseismic field over
a generalized geological map, which enabled him to describe the earthquake effects in relation to the geological structure
of the affected region. These achievements allow us to acknowledge L.H. Jeitteles as one of founding fathers of seismological
research of midnineteen century. 相似文献
33.
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36.
Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica - 相似文献
37.
The paper mentions the first attempts of European savants and scientists in the past centuries to study in a more systematic way the phenomenon named an earthquake. Discussed in this context are the activities developed in the second half of the 19th century by Viennese and other Austro-Hungarian physicists, geologists, geographers and specialists in geomagnetism, geodesy and other geo-disciplines with the aim to initiate regular seismological research in the Monarchy. These efforts resulted in the idea to organize an effective seismic survey which would supply the researchers with continuous earthquake data, first on the macroseismic level, later on the basis of instrumental observations.We speculate upon the reasons which stimulated such a difficult and long-term project at that time and discuss the impact of the new ideas on one particular region of the Monarchy—the territory of Bohemia the seismic activity of which had been described as low or moderate. We link these efforts to the all-European endeavour of the time to promote (up to that time only sporadic) earthquake observations and studies to the rank of systematic seismological research.The paper deals with these activities as they had been accomplished by the end of the 19th century. In Part II, the continuation of the efforts in the first decade of the 20th century will be discussed. The pioneering works reported in both papers quite naturally created a solid fundament for the later development of seismology in former Czechoslovakia and in the present Czech Republic. 相似文献
38.
We closed the preceding part of our paper with the statements that a regular macroseismic service of unprecedented effectivity had been successfully established in the Austrian part of the Monarchy in 1896-1899, and that first continuous instrumental observations had been started at the seismic stations in Ljubljana, Trieste and Kremsmünster in 1897, 1898 and 1899, respectively. In the present part we report how the macroseismic service performed its task from the beginning of the 20th century until the outbreak of World War I, we briefly summarize the beginnings and development of observational seismology in the Hungarian part of the Monarchy, and we inform the reader about the state of European seismometry at the time of establishment of the first stations of the Austro-Hungarian seismographic network.Main topics of the present paper are the history of the development, the principles and properties of the instruments, and the milestones in the interpretation of instrumental observations in both parts of the Monarchy in 1897-1914. The wealth of information extracted from over seventy original papers and books of geoscientists of the time is summarized in the form of two, to a large extent self explaining tables. In Table 1 the altogether seventeen seismic stations gradually established in the Austrian as well as Hungarian parts of the Monarchy in 1897-1914 are ordered chronologically according to the date of initiation of regular measurements at them, and the instruments by which the stations were originally equipped and later successively upgraded are specified. The most important facts about progress in the instrumentation and in the analysis, interpretation and archivation of the observational material are summed up in the last column of Table 1. The principles of the altogether sixteen different types of seismic instruments that were in operation at the stations of the Austro-Hungarian network in the discussed period are explained and their basic technical parameters are specified in Table 2. Those instrumental problems, those moments in the methodology of interpretation of the instrumental observations, and the contributions of those scientists who most decisively influenced the progress of Austro-Hungarian seismology in 1897-1914 are commented in more detail in the text.At the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the instrumentation of the stations of the Austro-Hungarian seismographic network as well as the scientific erudition and publication activities of the station directors and involved geosavants, especially of A. Belar, H. Benndorf, R. Kövesligethy, V. Láska, E. Mazelle, A. and S. Mohorovii and A. Réthly, had reached a standard comparable with that of analogous activities in Italy and Germany. The well developed Austrian macroseismic service gradually disintegrated during World War I. After the war, seismology progressed in the newly constituted states Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia in broader, all-European collaboration. 相似文献
39.
The results of laboratory experiments on biaxially compressed physical models of a seismic source are presented, discussed and interpreted in terms of nonlinear dynamics; the relation is shown between the degree of seismic pulse coherency (expressed through the amplitude frequency spectra development) and energy (or magnitude) in a series of model experiments. It has been ascertained that the degree of radiated waves coherency plays a more important role concerning the seismic energy release than the size (radius) of the seismic source.The relations among individual source parameters obtained in the laboratory were tested by the analysis of three series of seismograms of aftershocks which followed the 1988 Spitak earthquake (two series) and the 1975 Oroville earthquake (one series). The fundamental effect observed in the laboratory, i.e., the growth of pulse coherency with increasing stress concentration in the focal region (reflected in growing earthquake magnitude), was clearly manifested in all three earthquake aftershock series.Due to derivation by a comparison of the above results, obtained on the basis of nonlinear dynamics with the classical source models by Brune, Madariaga and others, it seems to be namely the self-organizing of the structure itself caused by the increasing stress field in the seismic source, which can answer the question concerning the degree of energy cumulation in the earthquake focus at a given moment. 相似文献
40.
Summary Original copper engraving depicting an earthquake is reproduced and discussed. 相似文献