Very Small Array observations of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in nearby galaxy clusters     

Katy Lancaster †  Ricardo Genova-Santos  Nelson Falcòn  Keith Grainge  Carlos Gutièrrez  Rüdiger Kneissl  Phil Marshall  Guy Pooley  Rafael Rebolo  Jose-Alberto Rubiño-Martin  Richard D. E. Saunders  Elizabeth Waldram  Robert A. Watson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,359(1):16-30

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Frequency dependence of Q in the mantle underlying the shield areas of Eurasia, Part II: analyses of long period data     

Alison C. Lees  Zoltan A. Der  Vernon F. Cormier  Margaret E. Marshall  James A. Burnetti 《Geophysical Journal International》1986,87(3):1085-1101

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Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L.A. Groat  G. Giuliani  D.D. Marshall  D. Turner 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):87

Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl, is the third most valuable gemstone (after diamond and ruby). Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics, Colombia supplies most (an estimated 60%, worth more than $500,000,000 per year) of the world's emeralds. However there is speculation that the emerald mines in Colombia are becoming depleted. Brazil currently accounts for approximately 10% of world emerald production. Emeralds have also been mined in Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, India, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States, and Zimbabwe.Because it is difficult to obtain accurate analyses of beryllium, most published analyses of beryl are renormalized on the basis of 18 oxygen and 3 Be atoms per formula unit. The color of emerald is due to trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium replacing aluminum at the Y site; in most cases the Cr content is much greater than that of V. To achieve charge balance, the substitution of divalent cations at the Y site is coupled with the substitution of a monovalent cation for a vacancy at a channel site.Beryl is relatively rare because there is very little Be in the upper continental crust. Unusual geologic and geochemical conditions are required for Be and Cr and/or V to meet. In the classic model, Be-bearing pegmatites interact with Cr-bearing ultramafic or mafic rocks. However in the Colombian deposits there is no evidence of magmatic activity and it has been demonstrated that circulation processes within the host black shales were sufficient to form emerald. In addition, researchers are recognizing that regional metamorphism and tectonometamorphic processes such as shear zone formation may play a significant role in certain emerald deposits.A number of genetic classification schemes have been proposed for emerald deposits. Most are ambiguous when it comes to understanding the mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of an emerald deposit. Studies of individual emerald deposits show that in most cases a combination of mechanisms (magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic) were needed to bring Be into contact with the chromophores. This suggests the need for a more flexible classification scheme based on mode of formation. Stable isotopes can be used to estimate the contribution of each mechanism in the formation of a particular deposit. Such estimates could perhaps be more precisely defined using trace element data, which should reflect the mode of formation.Emerald may be identified in the field by color, hardness, and form. It will tend to show up in stream sediment samples but because its specific gravity is relatively low, it will not concentrate in the heavy mineral fraction. In Colombia, structural geology, the sodium content of stream sediment samples, and the lithium, sodium, and lead contents of soil samples have all been used to find emerald occurrences. Exploration for gem beryl could result in the discovery of new occurrences of non-gem beryl or other Be minerals that could become new sources of Be and Be oxide.Future efforts should go towards creating a comprehensive data base of emerald compositions (including trace elements), determination of the role of metamorphism in the formation of some emerald deposits, improved classification schemes, and more effective exploration guidelines.  相似文献   

The transformation of the British building society movement: Managerial divisions and corporate reorganization, 1986–1997     

J. N. Marshall  R. Richardson  S. Raybould  M. Coombes 《Geoforum》1997,28(3-4)

The paper examines the impact of re-regulation of the British building society industry, between 1986 and 1997. Re-regulation of retail financial markets has split the building society movement between those, mainly large societies, which regard regulation as too restrictive and have decided to become more broadly-based public-limited companies, and the remaining, predominantly medium and smaller-sized building societies, that intend to continue to focus on personal savings and mortgage business. Both sets of companies are pursuing a strategy of consolidation in response to the more competitive environment promoted by regulatory change. The analysis of this restructuring provides a different perspective on the British financial sector, because unlike most of the financial sector, the building society movement is northern-based. Nevertheless, analysis of branch networks suggests that large societies are being attracted to the South East by the higher levels of income and wealth in that area. In contrast, branch closures have been mainly in smaller urban centres, in the north and west of Britain. It seems, however, in the short term at least, that this rationalization is unlikely to be on the scale found in the banking sector.  相似文献   

EXPERIENCES IN CALIBRATING SMALL FORMAT CAMERAS     

C. D. Burnside  H. P. Marshall 《The Photogrammetric Record》1992,14(80):323-331

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Chemistry and mineralogy of podiform chromitite deposits,southern NSW,Australia: a guide to their origin and evolution     

I. T. Graham  B. J. Franklin  B. Marshall 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,57(3-4):129-150

Summary Many small podiform chromitite deposits occur within two alpine-type serpentinite belts (of uncertain age) in southern NSW. Most of these deposits are enclosed in massive serpentinised chromite-rich dunite which cross-cuts primary layering within the main harzburgite body. In the western belt, the chromitites are all Cr-rich, whereas in the eastern belt there is a spectrum from Cr-rich to highly Al-rich chromitites, all of which have a fairly Complex geographic distribution. All of the chromitites are ophiolitic in character and the chemistry of both the chromitites and discrete chromite grains is reasonably Constant within a deposit, but varies widely between deposits. The REE concentrations are very low and lack any systematic geographic distribution. Most of the hromitites have an opholitic PGE signature, although some exceptions do occur and this is ascribed to localised remobilisation during serpentinisation. PIXE proton probe results show that the chromite grains are enriched, relative to the. serpentine fracture-fill, in Mn, Ni, Zn and Ga and depleted in As and Cu. Inclusions Completely enclosed within the chromite grains include Al-rich chromite, PGE-bearing nickel sulphides, palladian gold, forsteritic olivine, pargasitic amphiboles and a member of the gedrite/anthophyllite group. PGE-bearing fracture-fill phases include millerite, heazlewoodite, polydymite, chalcopyrite, trevorite, native gold, ruthenium, palladium and Ni₃Pt(?). Other fracture-fill phases include awaruite, magnetite, pentlandite, lizardite 6T, chrysotile 2M, antigorite, talc, clinochlore IIb, uvarovite garnet, diopside and ferritchromit. The chromitites were derived from a different magma than the peridotite and the present distribution of low Al, intermediate Al and high Al Chromitites reflects the spatial distribution of a progressively fractionating parental magma rather than different magmatic sources. Both the trace element and REE Chemistries of the chromitites yield little insight into the genesis of the chromitite pods and their distribution Could reflect either an inhomogeneous distribution in the parental magma or localised remobilisation during serpentinisation. During serpentinisation, PGE within the chromities and hostrock dunites and harzburgites were released, and precipitated within the crack seal breccia environment of the chromitites. Provided that the inclusions enclosed within the chromite grains formed in the presence of the same fluid as the chromite, this magmatic chromite and olivine forming liquid must have had a minor concentrated volatile-rich component. Subsequent serpentinisation of the chromitites was responsbile for the localised remobilisation of metals, PGE, S and the REE.

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Chemismus und Mineralogie von podiformen Chromitlagerstätten, Süd-NSW, Australien: Ein Schlüssel zu ihrer Entstehung und Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche kleinere podiforme Chromitlagerstätten treten in zwei alpinotypen Serpinitingürteln unsicherer Altersstellung im südlichen NSW auf. Die meisten dieser Lagerstätten sind an serpentinisierte chromitreiche Dunite, die den primären Lagenbau der Harzburgitkörper durchsetzen, gebunden. Im westlichen Gürtel sind die Chromite Cr-reich, im östlichen reicht das Spektrum von Cr- bis Al-reichen Chromititen mit komplexer geographischer Verbreitung. Alle Chromitite zeigen ophiolitischen Charakter und die Zusammensetzung der Chromitite aber auch einzelner Chromitkörner ist relativ konstant innerhalb einer Lagerstätte. Sie variiert allerdings von Lagerstätte zu Lagerstätte. Die SEE Gehalte sind sehr niedrig. Eine systematische geographische Verteilung ist nicht erkennbar. Die meisten Chromitite zeigen ophiolitische PGE Verteilungsmuster, obwohl es auch Ausnahmen, die lokaler Remobilisation im Zuge der Serpentinisierung zugeschrieben werden müssen, beobachtbar sind. Ergebnisse von PIXE Protonensondenanalysen zeigen, daß die Chromitkörner im Vegleich zu den Serpentinitrißfüllungen an Mn, Ni, Zn und Ga angereichert und an As und Cu angereichert sind. Al-reiche Chromite, PGE-führende Nickelsulfide, Gold mit Palladium, Forsterit und pargasitische Amphibole, sowie Gedrit/Antophyllit sind als Einschlüsse in Chromit nachgewiesen. In PGE-führenden Rissen kommen Millerit, Heazlewoodit, Polydymit, Kupferkies, Trevorit, gedigenes Gold, Ruthenium, Palladium und Ni₃Pt(?) vor. Andere Phasen in diesen Rißfüllungen sind Awaruit, Magnetit, Pentlandit, Lizardit 6T, Chrysotil 2M, Antigorit, Talk, Klinochlor IIb, Uvarovit, Diopsid und Ferritchromit.Die Chromitite sind von einem anderen Magma als die Peridotite abzuleiten und die nunmehrige Verteilung von Al-armen bis Al-reichen Chromititen spiegelt die räumliche Verteilung eines fraktionierenden Ausgangsmagmas eher wider als unterschiedliche Magmenquellen. Spuren- und REE-Geochemie erlauben kaum Einblicke in die Genese der Chromititkörper. Ihre unregelmäßige Verteilung könnte entweder auf Inhomogenitäten des Ausgangsmagmas oder auf lokale Remobilisation im Zuge der Serpentinisierung zurückzuführen sein. Während der Serpentinisierung wurden PGEs in den Chromititen und dunitischen und harzburgitischen Nebengesteinen freigesetzt und in den ehromititischen crack-seal Brekzien wiederausgefällt. Unter der Annahme, daß sich die Einschlüsse in den Chromitkörnen in Gegenwart desselben Fluids wie die Chromite selbst gebildet haben, müssen die magmatischen Chromit- und olivinführenden Schmelzen mit einer volatilreichen Komponente koexistiert haben. Nachträgliche Serpentinisierung der Chromitite war für die lokale Remobilisation der Metalle, der PGEs, S und der REE verantwortlich.

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With 4 Figures  相似文献   

Evaluating the Effects of Autofluorescence during Raman Hyperspectral Imaging          下载免费PDF全文

Julienne R. Emry  Alison Olcott Marshall  Craig P. Marshall 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2016,40(1):29-47

Raman hyperspectral imaging is becoming a popular technique to analyse geological materials. Autofluorescence can affect the quality of the spectra that comprise hyperspectral data sets. Few studies have addressed potential misinterpretation of Raman images from hyperspectral data sets affected by autofluorescence. Additionally, little work has been done to develop methods for identifying the spatial distribution of spectra affected by autofluorescence. This study illustrates how autofluorescence may lead to misinterpretation of the distribution of materials based on intensity at a point images. A method is proposed utilising signal to axis analysis to create images that identify regions affected by autofluorescence. Post‐processing baseline correction is often used to address autofluorescence, and most software programs utilise a form of partial least squares regression modelling based on a subjective choice of polynomial order. This study shows that an inappropriate choice of polynomial order can introduce error, which may lead to misinterpretation of Raman images. A signal to axis analysis method is proposed to statistically compare seemingly ‘appropriate’ baseline correction trials. Although post‐processing of hyperspectral data sets and creating Raman images seem simple, data quality issues such as autofluorescence must be considered. If baseline correction is deemed necessary, it should be addressed as an experiment involving statistical comparison.  相似文献   

Implications of uncertain future fossil energy resources on bioenergy use and terrestrial carbon emissions     

Katherine?CalvinEmail author  Marshall?Wise  Patrick?Luckow  Page?Kyle  Leon?Clarke  Jae?Edmonds 《Climatic change》2016,136(1):57-68

The magnitude and character of the global resource base of fossil fuels is a key determinant of the evolution of the future global energy system and corresponding fossil fuel carbon emissions. What is less well understood is the potential magnitude of impact of the availability of fossil fuels, due to the interaction with biomass energy, on agriculture, land use, ecosystems and therefore carbon emissions from land-use change. This paper explores these links and implications. We show that if oil resources are limited, then the consequently higher price for liquids induces both the use of coal-to-liquids technology deployment, but also enhanced production of bioenergy crops particularly in a business-as-usual scenario. This in turn implies greater pressure to convert unmanaged ecosystems to produce bioenergy, and higher rates of terrestrial carbon emissions from land use.  相似文献   

Fuel moisture sensitivity to temperature and precipitation: climate change implications   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. D. Flannigan  B. M. Wotton  G. A. Marshall  W. J. de Groot  J. Johnston  N. Jurko  A. S. Cantin 《Climatic change》2016,134(1-2):59-71

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Adjustment of Wind Waves to Sudden Changes of Wind Speed   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takuji Waseda  Yoshiaki Toba  Marshall P. Tulin 《Journal of Oceanography》2001,57(5):519-533

An experiment was conducted in a small wind-wave facility at the Ocean Engineering Laboratory, California, to address the following question: when the wind speed changes rapidly, how quickly and in what manner do the short wind waves respond? To answer this question we have produced a very rapid change in wind speed between U _low (4.6 m s^?1) and U _high (7.1 m s^?1). Water surface elevation and air turbulence were monitored up to a fetch of 5.5 m. The cycle of increasing and decreasing wind speed was repeated 20 times to assure statistical accuracy in the measurement by taking an ensemble mean. In this way, we were able to study in detail the processes by which the young laboratory wind waves adjust to wind speed perturbations. We found that the wind-wave response occurs over two time scales determined by local equilibrium adjustment and fetch adjustment, Δt ₁/T = O(10) and Δt ₂/T = O(100), respectively, in the current tank. The steady state is characterized by a constant non-dimensional wave height (H/gT ² or equivalently, the wave steepness for linear gravity waves) depending on wind speed. This equilibrium state was found in our non-steady experiments to apply at all fetches, even during the long transition to steady state, but only after a short initial relaxation Δt ₁/T of O(10) following a sudden change in wind speed. The complete transition to the new steady state takes much longer, Δt ₂/T of O(100) at the largest fetch, during which time energy propagates over the entire fetch along the rays (dx/dt = c _g) and grows under the influence of wind pumping. At the same time, frequency downshifts. Although the current study is limited in scale variations, we believe that the suggestion that the two adjustment time scales are related to local equilibrium adjustment and fetch adjustment is also applicable to the ocean.  相似文献