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61.
Jung-Yoon Kang Taichu Y. Tanaka Masao Mikami Soon-Chang Yoon 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(1):57-65
There are few dust simulation studies for East Asian dust events that took place in the wintertime, when the surface conditions of the dust source region differ from those of the springtime. The soil water turns into ice when the temperature falls below freezing, and the ice might prohibit wind erosion by increasing the binding strength between soil particles. However, the contribution of frozen soil to reducing dust outbreaks remains unclear. This study investigates the effect of frozen soil on dust emission through a case study of a severe wintertime East Asian dust event that originated on 23 and 24 December 2009 in Southern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia and reached Korea on 25 and 26 December 2009 using WRF/Chem with a new dust emission scheme. Model simulations with and without the effect of frozen soil were conducted. A temperature below 0°C and relative soil saturation exceeding 40% were used for frozen soil criteria, and the frozen soil was prohibited from emitting dust. The dust concentrations derived from the simulation without the effect of frozen soil were about three times higher than the observed PM10 concentrations, while the results from the simulation with the frozen-soil effect were quite similar to those of the observation data. The simulation of the wintertime East Asian dust event with the frozen-soil effect improved the model representation. The sensitivity tests for frozen soil indicate that the criteria of frozen soil used in this study are appropriate for this case study. 相似文献
62.
Lara M. Kueppers Mark A. Snyder Lisa C. Sloan Dan Cayan Jiming Jin Hideki Kanamaru Masao Kanamitsu Norman L. Miller Mary Tyree Hui Du Bryan Weare 《Global and Planetary Change》2008,60(3-4):250-264
In the western United States, more than 79 000 km2 has been converted to irrigated agriculture and urban areas. These changes have the potential to alter surface temperature by modifying the energy budget at the land–atmosphere interface. This study reports the seasonally varying temperature responses of four regional climate models (RCMs) – RSM, RegCM3, MM5-CLM3, and DRCM – to conversion of potential natural vegetation to modern land-cover and land-use over a 1-year period. Three of the RCMs supplemented soil moisture, producing large decreases in the August mean (− 1.4 to − 3.1 °C) and maximum (− 2.9 to − 6.1 °C) 2-m air temperatures where natural vegetation was converted to irrigated agriculture. Conversion to irrigated agriculture also resulted in large increases in relative humidity (9% to 36% absolute change). Modeled changes in the August minimum 2-m air temperature were not as pronounced or consistent across the models. Converting natural vegetation to urban land-cover produced less pronounced temperature effects in all models, with the magnitude of the effect dependent upon the preexisting vegetation type and urban parameterizations. Overall, the RCM results indicate that the temperature impacts of land-use change are most pronounced during the summer months, when surface heating is strongest and differences in surface soil moisture between irrigated land and natural vegetation are largest. 相似文献
63.
Makoto Naoi Masao Nakatani Shigeki Horiuchi Yasuo Yabe Joachim Philipp Thabang Kgarume Gilbert Morema Sifiso Khambule Thabang Masakale Luiz Ribeiro Koji Miyakawa Atsushi Watanabe Kenshiro Otsuki Hirokazu Moriya Osamu Murakami Hironori Kawakata Nana Yoshimitsu Anthony Ward Ray Durrheim Hiroshi Ogasawara 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(10):2665-2684
We investigated frequency-magnitude distribution (FMD) of acoustic emissions (AE) occurring near an active mining front in a South African gold mine, using a catalog developed from an AE network, which is capable of detecting AEs down to M W ?5. When records of blasts were removed, FMDs of AEs obeyed a Gutenberg?Richter law with similar b values, not depending on post-blasting time from the initial 1-min interval through more than 30 h. This result denies a suggestion in a previous study (Richardson and Jordan Bull Seismol Soc Am, 92:1766–1782, 2002) that new fractures generated by blasting disturb the size distribution of background events, which they interpreted as slip events on existing weak planes. Our AE catalog showed that the GR law with b ~ 1.2 was valid between M W ?3.7 and 0 for AEs around the mining front. Further, using the mine’s seismic catalog, which covers a longer time period of the same area, we could extend the validity range of the GR law with the same b value up to M W 1. 相似文献
64.
Tatsuya Hayashi Yoshihiro Tanimura Yoshihiro Kuwahara Masao Ohno Mami Mampuku Rie Fujii Harutaka Sakai Toshiro Yamanaka Takeshi Maki Masao Uchida Wataru Yahagi Hideo Sakai 《Quaternary Research》2009,72(3):377-387
Variations in fossil diatom assemblages and their relationship with global and Indian monsoon climate changes for the last 600,000 yr were investigated using a core of ancient lake (Paleo-Kathmandu Lake) sediments drilled at the Kathmandu Basin, Nepal Himalaya. Chronological scales of the core were constructed by tuning pollen wet and dry index records to the SPECMAP δ18O stack record. Examinations of biogenic silica contents and fossil diatom assemblages revealed that variations in productivity and compositions of diatom assemblages were closely linked with global and Indian monsoon climate changes on glacial and interglacial time scales. When summer monsoonal rainfall increased during interglacials (interstadials), diatom productivity increased because of increased inputs of terrestrial nutrients into the lake. When summer monsoonal rainfall reduced and/or winter monsoonal aridification enhanced during glacials (stadials), productivity of the diatoms decreased and lake-level falling brought about changes in compositions of diatom assemblages. Monospecific assemblages by unique Cyclotella kathmanduensis and Puncticulata versiformis appeared during about 590 to 390 ka. This might be attributed to evolutionary fine-tuning of diatom assemblages to specific lake environmental conditions. Additionally, low-amplitude precessional variations in monsoon climate and less lake-level changes may have also allowed both species to dominate over the long periods. 相似文献
65.
Nobuki Kame Satoshi Fujita Masao Nakatani Tetsuya Kusakabe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(8):2237-2246
Recently Nagata et al. (J Geophys Res 117:B02314, 2012) have proposed a new version of rate- and state-dependent friction law (RSF) that seems to have eventually resolved all the previously known discrepancies in the existing RSFs from laboratory observations. The values of a and b, empirical RSF parameters determined by fitting the same laboratory experiments, have been revised to be five times greater and a newly noticed weakening effect by shear stress with a coefficient c has been introduced. By using this revised RSF, we reinvestigated a problem of 2D quasi-static nucleation on faults. A crack-like nucleation-zone expansion known for the ‘aging’ version of RSF is not sustainable with the ‘Nagata’ law, which is understandable as the Nagata law does not produce a slip-weakening distance proportional to the involved strength reduction, an aging law’s feature that contradicts laboratory observations. The later stage of Nagata-law nucleation shows localization of quasi-static slip within a limited spatial extent, but the localization is much milder than that predicted by the ‘slip’ version of RSF. With an appropriate c parameter of the Nagata law, the nucleation size seems to be reduced only by a factor from that of the aging law. 相似文献
66.
67.
Summary. The thickening plate theory proposed by Yoshii and Parker & Oldenburg for the oceanic lithosphere is extended to include the continental lithosphere. The theory is based on the assumption that the lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary is a solidus and that as a result solidification of the top of the asthenosphere is occurring. Observational data imply that the relationship between the plate thickness and basement age for the North American continent is y = 1.7 √ t + (50 ± 10), where y (km) is the plate thickness and t (Myr) is the basement age.
The theory is tested against changes with basement age of the observed surface heat-flow and seismic estimate of plate thickness. The following conclusions are inferred:
(1) The changes both of the observed heat flow and plate thickness with basement age are explained by this theory.
(2) The surface erosion and vertical distribution of radiogenic heat sources are important factors in controlling the thickening process of the continental lithosphere.
(3) The equality of the average surface heat-flow over the oceans and over the continents is a consequence of a faster release of latent heat at the lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary under the oceans, instead of a higher heat production in the continental crust. 相似文献
The theory is tested against changes with basement age of the observed surface heat-flow and seismic estimate of plate thickness. The following conclusions are inferred:
(1) The changes both of the observed heat flow and plate thickness with basement age are explained by this theory.
(2) The surface erosion and vertical distribution of radiogenic heat sources are important factors in controlling the thickening process of the continental lithosphere.
(3) The equality of the average surface heat-flow over the oceans and over the continents is a consequence of a faster release of latent heat at the lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary under the oceans, instead of a higher heat production in the continental crust. 相似文献
68.
Deep currents measured by moored current meters over the shelf-slope off Cape Shiono-misaki, Kii Peninsula during the period from 28 April, 1981 to 4 May, 1982 are analyzed to determine characteristics of the deep current before and after the large meander of the Kuroshio formed. The observed deep currents show some different characteristics between the periods before and after the formation of the large meander of the Kuroshio,i.e.:
- The mean current direction over the shelf slope changed to westward after the meander was formed, though it was eastward at two offshore stations before the meander was formed.
- The eddy kinetic energy, \(ke((\overline {u'^2 } + \overline {\upsilon '^2 } )/2)\) became large at all stations after the meander formed.
- It appears that there were current variations in the period band shorter than 10 days which propagated offshore before the meander formed but inshore after the meander formed.
- After the meander formed, the current variations with a period of O(25 days) were amplified at two of the three stations. The current variations in this period band showed high coherence among the three stations.
69.
Tsuneo?OnoEmail author Hiromi?Kasai Takashi?Midorikawa Yusuke?Takatani Kazuhiro?Saito Masao?Ishii Yutaka?W.?Watanabe Katsuyuki?Sasaki 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(6):1075-1087
Eight-year observation results of DIC from 1996 to 2003 in the Oyashio region have been analyzed to obtain a climatological
view of its seasonal variation and interannual variation. Data of DIC obtained by several institutes are synthesized to give
a dataset with an uncertainty lower than 5 μmol/kg. The obtained climatology of NDIC seasonal variation in the Oyashio mixed layer shows a seasonal amplitude of 176 μmol/kg, with a maximum in January and a minimum in September. These features closely resemble those observed in the southern
half of the western subarctic North Pacific (WSNP) including Station KNOT, although the timing of the NDIC maximum is slightly
advanced in the case of the Oyashio. Analysis using a quasi-conservative tracer Cp0 (NDIC - 106NP) shows that among 176 μmol/kg of NDIC seasonal variation, only 16 μmol/kg is attributed to hydrographic processes while the remaining 160 μmol/kg is attributed to biological processes. The Cp0 value in the Oyashio mixed layer also resembles that of the WSNP mixed
layer during the months May to November, suggesting further resemblance of the Oyashio water mass to that of WSNP in terms
of carbon dynamics. The present results also suggest that a single data obtained in Oyashio mixed layer contains 30 μmol/kg of potential uncertainty for the representativity of this region, which leads to a note about a need to treat with
caution results obtained by a single observation in this region. 相似文献
70.
山区林地粗糙度的推求 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
应用实测资料计算复杂地面森林冠层的动量、潜热和粗糙参数以及动量总体输送系数(CM)、热量总体输送系数(CH)和水汽总体输送系数(CE)的参数。使用最大相关法计算本地风的粗糙度Z0M与零通量面d0M,同样结果较满意。在假设θS=θRAD的情况下计算水汽粗糙度Z0H,表明斯坦顿系数S-1t=ln(Z0M/Z0H)/K比过去的调查结果大。温度的零通量计算结果为d0H=(11.9),该值与d0M值(=12.8)相近。通过修改后方程计算表面湿度参数α,表面湿度参数α的值为0.61,该值与冠层的相对湿度相近。因此α的值可以用冠层顶部的相对湿度来计算。计算森林区粗糙度的方法和模型可推广应用到黑河流域。 相似文献