Seasonal change in the downward carbon transport due to respiration and mortality through diel vertical migration (DVM) of the calanoid copepods Metridia pacifica and Metridia okhotensis was estimated in the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific during six cruises from June 2001 to June 2002. M. pacifica (C4, C5 and adult females) was an active migratory species throughout the year though its DVM amplitude varied among seasons and stages. The mean distribution depths of adult females during the daytime were positively related with the illumination level in the water column, being shallowest in April and deepest in January. M. okhotensis generally showed less-extensive migrations than M. pacifica. Therefore, together with their lower abundance, this species is considered to be a less-important mechanism of downward transport of carbon except for April when their DVM was more active and descended deeper than M. pacifica, which remained in the upper 150 m even during the daytime. The mean migrating biomass of the two Metridia species was 558 mg C m−2 d−1 and was high during summer to winter (263–1676 mg C m−2 d−1) and low during spring (59–63 mg C m−2 d−1). Total downward flux through DVM fluctuated between 1.0 and 20.0 mg C m−2 d−1 with an annual mean of 8.0 mg C m−2 d−1. Contribution of the respiratory flux was greater than the mortality flux and accounted for 64–98% of total migratory flux throughout the year except for January when contribution of both fluxes was equal. Overall the annual carbon transport by DVM of Metridia spp. was estimated as 3.0 g C m−2 year−1, corresponding to 15% of the annual total POC flux at 150 m at the study site, suggesting that DVM is a significant process for carbon export in the subarctic region as well as that in tropical and subtropical oceanic regions. Since DVM in M. pacifica is more active during the non-bloom season when the gravitational flux of particulate matter is low, this species plays an important role in driving the biological pump in the subarctic Pacific during summer to winter. 相似文献
Long-term averaged temperature and salinity distributions in the Tsushima Strait are investigated on the basis of a concurrent
dataset of the eastern and western channels during 1971–2000. Both temperature and salinity show a clear seasonal variation
with weak and strong stratifications in December–April and June–October, respectively. The largest standard deviations occur
in summer around the thermocline for temperature and in the surface layer for salinity. This indicates large interannual variability
in the development of a thermocline and low salinity water advection from the East China Sea. The water masses in both channels
are distinctly different from each other; the water in the western channel is generally colder and fresher than that in the
eastern channel throughout the year. Baroclinic transport based on the density distributions shows a seasonal variation with
a single peak in August for the eastern channel and double peaks in April and August for the western channel. However, this
cannot explain the seasonal variation in the total volume transport estimated from the sea level differences across the channels.
The spatial distribution of baroclinic transport shows a year-round negative transport towards the East China Sea behind the
Iki Island in the eastern part of the eastern channel. This negative transport reflects the baroclinic structure between the
offshore Tsushima Current Water and cold coastal water. The corresponding southwestward currents are found in both Acoustic
Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and high frequency (HF) radars observations. 相似文献
We estimated gas exchange rates in Kabira Reef at Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan, using a mass balance calculation with
dual “biological” tracers: dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The nighttime results allowed us to
obtain reasonable gas transfer velocity kw values, all of which exceeded those obtained in wind-dominant studies. The difference is likely due to the contribution of
turbulence generated by the interaction between the current and bottom topography. The kw obtained during high tides is consistent with that reported by Raymond and Cole (2001), whereas kw during low tides is significantly higher, which seems to be caused by enhanced friction with the bottom of the reef and/or
bubble-induced gas transfer by wave breaking at the reef crest. 相似文献
Some instability problems were found on natural or engineered slopes mostly lying on Subang claystones. The instability problems included excessive erosion, slumps and rock falls. The field performance surveys of the problems suggested that the claystones physically weather rapidly so that the rock properties they exhibit during excavation often change to properties with a more characteristic of soil. Such a phenomenon is generally known as a slaking process. In order to gain better understanding about the slaking of Subang claystones, a series of experimental laboratory studies were carried out involving a modified slaking index test. Claystone samples used in this study were obtained from their exposures along the Northern West Java area of Indonesia. Petrographic analysis was correspondingly performed to identify mineral and texture/fabric, and in turn, to determine the inherent factors of the rocks which might affect the slaking process. The stssudy results indicated that the claystones were characterized by high to very high slaking properties having a maximum slaking index (Is) of 57.4% and a mean Is of 43.8%. Major dispersion slaking on sample surfaces and high cracking in response to excessive swelling were recognized as main slaking modes within the claystones. All samples lose progressively less material through the five wet–dry cycles of a slaking index test, indicating a decelerated slaking rate. It was evident that the main inherent factors controlling the slaking process were expandable clay mineral smectite, non-clay mineral pyrite and soluble mineral calcite. Moreover, a quite important of inherent bonding material and stress release energy in the slaking characteristics of the claystones was revealed by a closure phase of an initial hairline crack during unloading. 相似文献
An unspiked K–Ar dating method using a mass-fractionation correction procedure was applied to a Quaternary independent group
of monogenetic volcanoes, Ojikajima Volcano Group, located in northwestern Kyushu in Southwest Japan, in order to clarify
in detail secular variations in eruptive volume, locations of eruptive vents, and magma compositions in a single monogenetic
volcano group. The major results were as follows: (a) K–Ar ages of monogenetic volcanoes distribute from 1.08 to 0.30 Ma,
with voluminous peaks at approximately 1.0 and 0.6 Ma. (b) The volcanic activity commenced in the central part of the field,
expanded to the whole field at approximately 0.6 Ma, and then shrank to the central area. (3) Concentrations of incompatible
elements, such as Ba, K, and Nb, increase with decreasing age, whereas P, Y, and Zr concentrations remain constant. These
concentrations suggest gradual decrease in the degree of partial melting from an identical mantle source with residual garnet.
Received: 15 December 1997 / Accepted: 23 May 1998 相似文献
A column concentration-high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) determination was applied to measure the total dissolved concentrations of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in seawater collected from the subarctic North Pacific (~45°N) and the Bering Sea in July–September 1997. Total adsorbable Mn was determined on board by column electrolysis preconcentration and chemiluminescence detection. The vertical profiles for Fe, Ni and Zn were nutrient-like. The deep water concentration of Fe was ~0.5 nM in the northeast Pacific (18°-140°W) and increased to ~1 nM in the northwest Pacific (161°E) and ~2 nM in the Bering Sea (57°N, 180°E). The deep water concentrations for Ni and Zn in the Bering Sea were also 1.3–2 times higher than in the North Pacific. The profiles for Co and Cu were examined in the subarctic North Pacific, and results obtained were consistent with previous reports. There was a significant correlation between the concentrations of Co and Mn except for surface mixed layer. The profiles for total adsorbable Mn were similar to the reported profiles for total dissolvable Mn. The deep water concentration of Mn in the Bering Sea was also 4 times higher than in the North Pacific. Iron and zinc were depleted in surface water of the subarctic North Pacific. The relationship between these trace elements and nutrients suggests that these elements could be a limiting factor of phytoplankton productivity. In the Bering Sea, surface water contained ~0.3 nM of Fe. The Zn concentration, which was less than the detection limit in surface water, increased at shallower depths (~30 m) compared with the subarctic North Pacific. These results imply a higher flux of Fe and Zn to surface water in the Bering Sea. This in turn may cause the ecosystem in the Bering Sea characterized by a dominance of diatoms and high regenerated production. 相似文献
The orthorhombic MgSiO3 perovskite has been synthesized with the aid of a double-stage split-sphere-type high-pressure apparatus at about 280 kbar and 1000°C. The unit cell dimensions are: a = 4.7754(3)Å, b = 4.9292(4)Å and c = 6.8969(5)Å with the probable space group Pbnm. Calculated density is 4.108 g cm?3. Crystal structure determination has been carried out by means of both the geometrical simulation (DLS) technique and the ordinary powder X-ray analysis. The results indicate that the MgSiO3 perovskite is closer to the ideal perovskite than ScAlO3 perovskite. 相似文献
High-pressure phase relations in ZnSiO3 and Zn2SiO4 were investigated at about 1000°C and in the pressure range of 100–500 kbar, using a double-staged split-sphere type of high-pressure apparatus.Clinopyroxene-type ZnSiO3 transforms directly into a polymorph with the ilmenite structure at 120 kbar. The hexagonal unit cell dimensions of the ZnSiO3 ilmenite are determined to be under ambient conditions.The following reactions are also recognized at about 1000°C: and: The stabilities of silicate ilmenites, especially the absence of ilmenite of transition metal silicate composition, is discussed. It is pointed out that data on phase relations in zinc silicates may be informative for the consideration on those in magnesium silicates under very high pressures. It is suggested that the silicate ilmenite may be a major constituent in the lower mantle. 相似文献
The problem of response of sliding structures subjected to harmonic support motions is considered. The periodic motions, consisting of the three different modes, stick-stick, stick-slip and slip-slip, are a significant part of the responses to harmonic excitations. Assuming the periodicity of the motion, the condition of the initiation of the slip-slip motion is derived. Then analytical expressions for the occurrence of the periodic motions are obtained without integrating the equations of motion. The accuracy of the analytical expressions is confirmed by comparison with numerical results herein obtained. It is observed that the numerical results are sensitive to the starting and ending times of slip motions. 相似文献
