Das ebenen-Schichtenproblem der Reflexionsseismik mit konstanten Frontgeschwindigkeiten,beliebigen Neigungen und beliebiger Lage der Quelle     

Weber  Max 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1959,43(1):12-22

Zusammenfassung Es wird das ebenen-Schichtenproblem der Reflexionsseismik mit konstanten Frontgeschwindigkeiten, beliebigen Neigungen und beliebiger Lage der Quelle allgemein behandelt und durch Verallgemeinerung der tt Methode ein einfaches Aufschlussverfahren für geneigte Schichten entwickelt.

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Summary The two-dimensional problem of the reflection seismic with arbitrary inclined surfaces of discontinuity, const. wave-velocities and an arbitrary position of the source is generally treated. Finally a tt method for inclined layers is outlined.

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Zur Deutung des Quarzporphyrs vom Kahlbusch bei Dohna (Sachsen) als Quellkuppe     

Max Schwab 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1959,48(1):43-54

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L'orage en Suisse     

Flavio Ambrosetti  Max Bider  Max Bouët 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1957,8(2):172-184

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Ergebnisse der Registrierungen der Zahl der Kondensationskerne in Basel und seiner nächsten Umgebung     

Dr. Max Bider 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1955,31(1):147-161

Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung früher mitgeteilter Ergebnisse von Registrierungen mit demVerzár'schen Kernzähler in Basel wird der Einfluss der Luftmassenwechsel, des Sonnenscheins und der Niederschläge auf den Kerngehalt untersucht. Weiterhin werden die Ergebnisse gleichzeitiger Registrierungen im Stadtinnern und am Stadtrand, sowie am Stadtrand und einem Villenvorort eingehend diskutiert.Ein weiterer Vergleich zwischen Basel und Payerne ergibt Beziehungen zwischen den Tagesmitteln der Kernzahlen dieser fast 100 Km von einander entfernten Orte.

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Summary Continuing previously communicated results of recordings with theVerzár nuclei counter at Basle the influences of changes of air masses, of sunshine and precipitation on nuclei concentration are studied. Furthermore the results of simultaneous recordings in the centre of the city and on the outskirts, as well as on the out-skirts of the city and at a near-by village are thoroughly discussed. A further comparison between Basle and Payerne shows connections between daily means of nuclei concentration of these two towns, which are about 100 Km apart.

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Die Bestimmung einer beliebig gekrümmten Schichtgrenze aus seismischen Reflexionsmessungen     

Priv.-Doz. Dr. Max Weber 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1955,32(1):7-11

Zusammenfassung Es wird dargelegt wie man eine beliebig gekrümmte Schichtgrenze aus seismischen Reflexionsmessungen längs einer beliebig gekrümmten Messfläche berechnen kann. Dazu wird vorausgesetzt, dass die Flächez=f(x,y), die die Schichtgrenze darstellt und die Messflächez=(x,y) zusammen eine glatte geschlossene Fläche bilden und, dass das eingeschlossene Material homogen und isotrop ist.

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Summary Under the assumption that the measuring surfacez=(x,y) and the reflection horizon of a structurez=f(x,y) have an arbitrary curvature a simple method is developed for calculating the surfacef from seismic reflection data measured along the surface . In addition the general solution is discussed and some special cases are treated.

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Scenarios of Seismic Risk in the United Arab Emirates,an Approximate Estimate     

Wyss  Max  Al-Homoud  Azm S. 《Natural Hazards》2004,32(3):375-393

We estimate the losses due to 10 scenario earthquakes in 150 settlements of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). For southern Iran, we use four source zones and the maximum magnitudes in them as determined by GSHAP (7.2 M 8.1). For six local scenario earthquakes, we use the range 5.5 M 6.5, place the sources mainly on mapped faults and vary the distance to major cities from 10 to 60 km. In the test case of the Masafi earthquake (M5, 11 March 2002), the method and data bank we use yield the correct results, suggesting that our approach to the problem is valid for the UAE. The sources in Iran are expected to cause only minor damage, except for an M8.1 earthquake in the Makran region. For such an event we expect some deaths, several hundred injured and a loss of 3–6% of the value to the building stock in the northeastern UAE, including Oman. The losses for local scenarios with epicenters in the unpopulated areas of the UAE and for scenarios with M < 5.8 are estimated to be minor. Because the two major mapped faults run through several of the large cities, scenarios with short epicentral distances from cities have to be considered. Scenarios with M6 near cities lead to estimates of about 1000 ± 500 deaths, and several thousand injured. Most buildings are expected to be damaged to a moderate degree and the loss to buildings is estimated around 1/4of their value. If the magnitude should reach 6.5, the losses to humans and to building value could be staggering. These estimates are approximate because: (1) there exists no local seismograph network that could map active faults by locating microseismicity; (2) there exist no historically old buildings that could serve as tests for effects due to strong ground motion in the past; (3) there exist no microzonation of the subsurface properties in this region of unconsolidated building ground; (4) there exist no detailed inventory of building fragility. Nevertheless, our conclusion that there exists a substantial seismic risk in the UAE is reliable, because our method yields accurate results in the cases of earthquakes with known losses during the last several decades in the Middle East.  相似文献   

A rocking multianvil: elimination of chemical segregation in fluid-saturated high-pressure experiments     

Max W. Schmidt  Peter Ulmer 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(8):1889-1899

Fluid saturated high-pressure experiments often result in strongly zoned experimental charges, this hinders experimentation in chemically homogeneous systems which in turn has serious consequences on equilibration, reaction progress, and (apparent) phase stabilities. In order to overcome these problems, a 600-ton press accommodating either a multianvil or end-loaded piston cylinder module has been mounted in such a way that it can be turned by 180°, thus inverting its position in the gravity field. During turning, hydraulic pressure, heating power, and cooling water remain connected allowing fully controlled pressures and temperatures during experiments.A series of experiments at 13 GPa, 950°C, on a serpentine bulk composition in the MgO-SiO₂-H₂O system demonstrates that continuous turning at a rate of 2 turns/min results in a nearly homogeneous charge composed of phase E + enstatite. The same experiment at static conditions resulted in four mineral zones: quench phase E, enstatite, enstatite + phase E, and phase E + phase A. Phase A disappears in experiments at a turning rate ≥1 turn/min. A static 15-min experiment shows that zonation already forms within this short time span. Placing two short capsules within a single static experiment reveals that the fluid migrates to the hot spot in each capsule and is not gravitationally driven toward the top. The zonation pattern follows isotherms within the capsule, and the degree of zonation increases with temperature gradient (measured as 10 °C within a capsule) and run time.Our preferred interpretation is that Soret diffusion causes a density-stratified fluid within the capsule that does not convect in a static experiment and results in temperature dependant chemical zonation. The aggravation of zonation and appearance of additional phases with run time can be explained with a dissolution-reprecipitation process where the cold spot of the capsule is relatively MgO enriched and the hot spot relatively SiO₂ and H₂O enriched (at 13 GPa and 950°C). Rocking and tilting of a stratified fluid induces Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, causing chemical rehomogenization. If turning is faster than the time required to build significant chemical potential gradients in the fluid, chemical zonation in the distribution of the solids is suppressed.  相似文献   

The significance of European high mountain lakes in critical load distributions at the EMEP grid scale     

Chris J. Curtis  Max Posch  Pilar Casals-Carrasco  Jordi Catalan  Mike Hughes  Martin Kernan  Marc Ventura 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2005,67(3):252-262

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Verification of our previous definition of preferred earthquake nucleation areas in Kanto-Tokai, Japan   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Max Wyss  Shozo Matsumura   《Tectonophysics》2006,417(1-2):81

We have proposed that points of future initiation of rupture may be mapped, based on minima in local recurrence times, which are equivalent to local maxima in the probability for main shocks to occur. These minima are often controlled by anomalously low b-values (logN = a − bM). Of the Kanto-Tokai area, approximately 12% showed anomalously short recurrence times and was proposed as asperities, based on seismicity up to 1999. During the period 1999–2003.5, about 75% of the earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5 fell into the asperities, earlier defined (for example 19 out of 23 M ≥ 3.8 events). The probability for this to occur by chance is approximately 2 10^− 14. This supports our idea that the most likely volumes to produce main shocks may be mapped by minima in local recurrence times.  相似文献   

Global and local controls influencing the deposition of the La Luna Formation (Cenomanian-Campanian), western Venezuela     

Julio Perez-Infante  Paul Farrimond  Max Furrer 《Chemical Geology》1996,130(3-4):271-288

Bulk and molecular geochemical, micropalaeontological, and carbon-isotopic data are used to address the different local and global factors influencing the environment of sedimentation of the La Luna Formation (Cenomanian-Campanian, approximate palaeolatitude 15°N) in a single section in western Venezuela. Based on the constructed chronostratigraphic framework, oxygen-depleted bottom-water conditions and black-shale deposition started in western Venezuela well before the widespread occurrence of organic-rich sediments in higher palaeolatitude regions such as the Tethys and the North Atlantic near or at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. In the La Luna Formation, palaeoenvironmental conditions that allowed the preservation of organic matter (mainly of marine origin), prevailed until Santonian times in a distal platform facies with very low siliciclastic input. Changes in lithology appear to reflect the local response to eustatic sea-level variations and the presence of a migrating upwelling belt affecting the bioproductivity of silica and carbonate. A marked δ¹³C_org isotopic excursion is recognised in the middle part of the section, and is apparently unrelated to local palaeoenvironmental changes in bioproductivity and oxygen depletion. Biological marker data show no variations in association with the isotopic excursion, being mainly controlled by local fluctuations in organic-matter input and preservation.  相似文献