全文获取类型
收费全文 | 571篇 |
免费 | 12篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 11篇 |
大气科学 | 30篇 |
地球物理 | 142篇 |
地质学 | 199篇 |
海洋学 | 34篇 |
天文学 | 115篇 |
自然地理 | 54篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 5篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 28篇 |
2012年 | 15篇 |
2011年 | 11篇 |
2010年 | 16篇 |
2009年 | 20篇 |
2008年 | 12篇 |
2007年 | 12篇 |
2006年 | 17篇 |
2005年 | 17篇 |
2004年 | 12篇 |
2003年 | 13篇 |
2002年 | 19篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 8篇 |
1964年 | 5篇 |
1960年 | 7篇 |
1956年 | 5篇 |
1955年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有585条查询结果,搜索用时 78 毫秒
61.
62.
63.
If we are to limit global warming to 2 °C, all sectors in all countries must reduce their emissions of GHGs to zero not later than 2060–2080. Zero-emission options have been less explored and are less developed in the energy-intensive basic materials industries than in other sectors. Current climate policies have not yet motivated major efforts to decarbonize this sector, and it has been largely protected from climate policy due to the perceived risks of carbon leakage and a focus on short-term reduction targets to 2020. We argue that the future global climate policy regime must develop along three interlinked and strategic lines to facilitate a deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries. First, the principle of common but differentiated responsibility must be reinterpreted to allow for a dialogue on fairness and the right to development in relation to industry. Second, a greater focus on the development, deployment and transfer of technology in this sector is called for. Third, the potential conflicts between current free trade regimes and motivated industrial policies for deep decarbonization must be resolved. One way forward is to revisit the idea of sectoral approaches with a broader scope, including not only emission reductions, but recognizing the full complexity of low-carbon transitions in energy-intensive industries. A new approach could engage industrial stakeholders, support technology research, development and demonstration and facilitate deployment through reducing the risk for investors. The Paris Agreement allows the idea of sectoral approaches to be revisited in the interests of reaching our common climate goals.Policy relevanceDeep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries will be necessary to meet the 2 °C target. This requires major innovation efforts over a long period. Energy-intensive industries face unique challenges from both innovation and technical perspectives due to the large scale of facilities, the character of their global markets and the potentially high mitigation costs. This article addresses these challenges and discusses ways in which the global climate policy framework should be developed after the Paris Agreement to better support transformative change in the energy-intensive industries. 相似文献
64.
We present results from 14 nights of observations of Titan in 1996-1998 using near-infrared (centered at 2.1 microns) speckle imaging at the 10-meter W.M. Keck Telescope. The observations have a spatial resolution of 0.06 arcseconds. We detect bright clouds on three days in October 1998, with a brightness about 0.5% of the brightness of Titan. Using a 16-stream radiative transfer model (DISORT) to model the central equatorial longitude of each image, we construct a suite of surface albedo models parameterized by the optical depth of Titan's hydrocarbon haze layer. From this we conclude that Titan's equatorial surface albedo has plausible values in the range of 0-0.20. Titan's minimum haze optical depth cannot be constrained from this modeling, but an upper limit of 0.3 at this wavelength range is found. More accurate determination of Titan's surface albedo and haze optical depth, especially at higher latitudes, will require a model that fully considers the 3-dimensional nature of Titan's atmosphere. 相似文献
65.
66.
Laurent Koechlin Denis Serre Gerald K. Skinner Peter Von Ballmoos Thomas Crouzil 《Experimental Astronomy》2005,20(1-3):307-315
The light deviation caused by the gravitational potential in the vicinity of the sun could be used as a means of focussing radiation that cannot be focussed easily otherwise. The gravitational lens formed by the sun is not stigmatic, but does have the advantage of being achromatic and acts identically on all types of mass-less radiations. For a source at infinity, its geometrical characteristics present a “caustic” line starting at 550 astronomical units (UA) downstream from the sun. In a plane perpendicular to that caustic line, images of distant objects are formed.The perturbations by the solar corona plasma will significantly blur electromagnetic radiation for wavelengths longer than those of the IR domain. At shorter wavelengths, for example the γ domain, the focussing process could lead to 108 amplification factors. In order to reach the regions where images are formed, long distance space missions are necessary. Once launched, missions of this type would be dedicated to a single field. Some possible targets are considered, such as Sagitarius A observed in X and γ rays.In this paper we study the point spread function (PSF) of the sun as a gravitational lens. Taking into account perturbations by the planets, the non sphericity of the sun and coronal plasma index, we derive limits within which such observations could be possible. 相似文献
67.
Scott A. SANDFORD Max P. BERNSTEIN Jason P. DWORKIN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2001,36(8):1117-1133
Abstract— The presence of isotopic anomalies is the most unequivocal demonstration that meteoritic material contains circumstellar or interstellar components. In the case of organic compounds in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), the most useful isotopic tracer has been deuterium (D). We discuss four processes that are expected to lead to D enrichment in interstellar materials and describe how their unique characteristics can be used to assess their relative importance for the organics in meteorites. These enrichment processes are low‐temperature gas phase ion‐molecule reactions, low‐temperature gas‐grain reactions, gas phase unimolecular photodissociation, and ultraviolet photolysis in D‐enriched ice mantles. Each of these processes is expected to be associated with distinct regiochemical signatures (D placement on the product molecules, correlation with specific chemical functionalities, etc.), especially in the molecular population of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We describe these differences and discuss how they may be used to delineate the various interstellar processes that may have contributed to meteoritic D enrichments. We also briefly discuss how these processes may affect the isotopic distributions in C, O, and N in the same compounds. 相似文献
68.
We present near-IR spectra of solid CO2 in H2O and CH3OH, and find they are significantly different from that of pure solid CO2. Peaks not present in either pure H2O or pure CO2 spectra become evident when the two are mixed. First, the putative theoretically forbidden CO2 (2ν3) overtone near 2.134 μm (4685 cm−1), that is absent from our spectrum of pure solid CO2, is prominent in the spectra of H2O/CO2=5 and 25 mixtures. Second, a 2.74-μm (3650 cm−1) dangling OH feature of H2O (and a potentially related peak at 1.89 μm) appear in the spectra of CO2-H2O ice mixtures, but are probably not diagnostic of the presence of CO2. Other CO2 peaks display shifts in position and increased width because of intermolecular interactions with H2O. Warming causes some peak positions and profiles in the spectrum of a H2O/CO2=5 mixture to take on the appearance of pure CO2. Absolute strengths for absorptions of CO2 in solid H2O are estimated. Similar results are observed for CO2 in solid CH3OH. Since the CO2 (2ν3) overtone near 2.134 μm (4685 cm−1) is not present in pure CO2 but prominent in mixtures, it may be a good observational (spectral) indicator of whether solid CO2 is a pure material or intimately mixed with other molecules. These observations may be applicable to Mars polar caps as well as outer Solar System bodies. 相似文献
69.
70.
Atmospheric composition in the turbopause regime was determined by four rocket-borne mass spectrometers, which employed shock-freezing cryo-ion sources. Number densities of N2, O2, O, Ar and CO2 are presented for these experiments. The results are compared with those of other rocket experiments taken from the literature. Ar/N2 ratios are analyzed with respect to atmospheric turbulence. Magnitude and variability of atomic oxygen layer maximum density and layer content are discussed. Variations of O densities and simultaneous Ar/N2 ratio changes are compared. Six CO2 measurements are discussed in terms of CO2/N2 ratios. 相似文献