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To estimate the groundwater flow around a borehole heat exchanger (BHE), thermal properties of geological core samples were measured and a thermal response test (TRT) was performed in the Tsukuba upland, Japan. The thermal properties were measured at 57 points along a 50-m-long geological core, consisting predominantly of sand, silt, and clay, drilled near the BHE. In this TRT, the vertical temperature in the BHE was also monitored during and after the test. Results for the thermal properties of the core samples and from the monitoring indicated that groundwater flow enhanced thermal transfers, especially at shallow depths. The groundwater velocities around the BHE were estimated using a two-dimensional numerical model with monitoring data on temperature changes. According to the results, the estimated groundwater velocity was generally consistent with hydrogeological data from previous studies, except for the data collected at shallow depths consisting of a clay layer. The reasons for this discrepancy at shallow depths were predicted to be preferential flow and the occurrence of vertical flow through the BHE grout, induced by the hydrogeological conditions. 相似文献
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The Nojima fault on the northwestern coast of Awaji Island, south of Kobe, was reactivated during the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake. This fault rupture was dominated by right-lateral offset (max. 1.7 m) along a high-angle reverse fault which has a maximum vertical displacement of 1.3 m on the southeastern side. We repeatedly measured seven profiles across the fault scarp in two areas (Hirabayashi to the northeast and Ogura to the southwest) for approximately 1 year following the earthquake. The original profile of the fault scarp was an overhanging scarp at Hirabayashi and Ogura, corresponding to the 70–80 ° dip of the fault plane. The fault scarp at Hirabayashi displaces Plio-Pleistocene siltstones of the Osaka Group and is overlain by a thin bed of unconsolidated gravel. The Ogura area is entirely underlain by the Osaka Group. Scarp degradation at Hirabayashi occurred by collapse of the gravel bed and proceeded more quickly than at Ogura, where fault scarp degradation proceeded mainly by exfoliation of the Osaka Group siltstones. The degradation occurred at a very fast rate until March at Hirabayashi, and until June or July at Ogura. Since then, the degradation has been very slow. Our data strongly indicate that the scarp profile was initially controlled mainly by the dip of the fault plane, and scarp degradation has been primarily controlled by lithological factors. The degradation of the Nojima earthquake fault scarp proceeded much more quickly than that of normal fault scarps in the western U.S.A., where many observations of the initial stages of scarp degradation have been carried out. The extremely rapid degradation of the Nojima fault scarp in weak late Neogene siltstones might, in combination with rapid cultural modification of the landscape, explain the paucity of geomorphic scarps along the numerous active faults in Japan. This observation may also have implications for tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismicity studies in other countries characterised by weak bedrock and moderate to high rainfall regimes. 相似文献
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Mayumi Murakami 《Journal of Oceanography》1986,42(3):224-239
The dynamical structure of a two-dimensional (depth and axial directions) estuary is studied analytically. A set of governing equations describing the time-averaged velocity and salinity in the estuary is used, where all of the external parameters (depth, width, freshwater discharge and horizontal and vertical coefficients of eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity) are assumed to be constant along the estuary.Two dynamical relations are taken into consideration in the theory. One of them is the dependence of the longitudinal scaleL
d on the balance of longitudinal salt transport, and the other is the relation between the vertical stratification of salinity and the the Prandtl numberP
r=Av/Kv, whereA
v andK
v denote the coeffcients of the vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity, respectively. The two relations result in an extension of the parameter range in which the linear balance of momentum holds.A linear state of motion (LM-state) is defined as the state where the momentum balance is linear. The LM-state comprises the so-called vertically homogeneous and the so-called partially mixed state. Perturbation analysis is introduced and dynamical theory is developed in the LM-state. Since the LM-state covers a fairly wide regime with respect to the balance of salt transport, the state is subdivided into three stages: the diffusive, intermediate and advective stages. In the diffusive stage the upstream salt transport is mainly attributed to the horizontal diffusion, whereas in the advective stage it is attributed to advection caused by gravitational circulation. The salinity balance is also linear in the diffusive and intermediate stages, whereas the balance is nonlinear in the advective stage. The advective stage of the LM-state is regarded as a stage bordering the salt wedge state.The longitudinal distribution of depth-mean salinity is found to take an exponential form in the diffusive stage, a nearly linear form in the advective stage and an intermediate form between them in the intermediate stage. 相似文献
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Heat and salt balances in the Seto Inland Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Seasonal variations of heat and salt balances are estimated in the Seto Inland Sea with the use of a numerical experiment.The surface effect is dominant with respect to the heat balance. In spring, however, the effect of the horizontal heat transport is the same as or greater than that of the surface heating (or cooling). Annual mean heat transport is 85 cal cm–2 day–1 (356 J cm–2 day–1) which is supplied from the open ocean and lost through the sea surface in the Inland Sea as a whole. Because of the shallow water depth, heat is supplied through the surface and carried out by the horizontal heat transport in Hiuchi- and Bingo-nada in the annual mean. The heat transport has the opposite sense to that in the whole Seto Inland Sea and annual mean transport is negative (–10 cal cm–2 day–1,i.e., –42 J cm–2 day–1).The salt balance is primarily controlled by the river discharge and the surface effect (precipitation) in June and July. In the other months, the effects of horizontal salt transport, of river inflow and of sea surface exchange (especially of the evaporation in autumn) are comparable to each other. In the Bungo Channel the river effect is relatively small. Osaka Bay and the Kii Channel are characterized by a smaller surface effect.Contribution No. 446 from Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory. 相似文献
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Potential of submarine-cave sediments and oxygen isotope composition of cavernicolous micro-bivalve as a late Holocene paleoenvironmental record 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Akihisa Kitamura Nagisa Yamamoto Tomoki Kase Shu-ichi Ohashi Mayumi Hiramoto Hitoshi Fukusawa Tsuyoshi Watanabe Tomohisa Irino Hiroshi Kojitani Michiyo Shimamura Ikuo Kawakami 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,55(4):301-316
A sediment layer (43 cm thick) and surface sediments (5 cm thick) in a submarine limestone cave (31 m water depth) on the fore-reef slope of Ie Island, off Okinawa mainland, Japan, were examined by visual, mineralogical and geochemical means. Oxygen isotope analysis was performed on the cavernicolous micro-bivalve Carditella iejimensis from both cored sediments and surface sediments, and the water temperature within the cave was recorded for nearly one year. These data show that: (1) water temperature within the cave is equal to that at 30 m deep in the open sea; (2) the biotic and non-biotic environments within the cave have persisted for the past 2000 years; (3) mud-size carbonate detritus is a major constituent of the submarine-cave deposit, and may have come mainly from the suspended carbonate mud produced on the emergent Holocene reef flat over the past two millennia; (4) the δ18O-derived temperature (Tδ18O) of C. iejimensis suggests that the species grows between April and July; (5) the Tδ18O of C. iejimensis from cored sediments implies that there were two warmer intervals, at AD 340 ± 40 and AD 1000 ± 40, which correspond to the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Warm Period, respectively. These suggest that submarine-cave sediments provide unique information for Holocene reef development. In addition, oxygen isotope records of cavernicolous C. iejimensis are a useful tool to reconstruct century-scale climatic variability for the Okinawa Islands during the Holocene. 相似文献
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Seasonal variation in the transverse and layered structure of estuarine circulation in Ariake Bay, Japan was investigated by box model analysis using monthly salinity data from 1990 to 2000. Two-layered gravitational estuarine circulation was intensified from autumn to spring (vertically well mixed season) accompanied by a small river discharge. Two-layered circulation was weakened accompanying the transversely segregated cyclonic circulation in the upper layer during summer (stratified season) with a large river discharge. Such seasonal variation in the transverse and layered structure of estuarine circulation is because the bay width of Ariake Bay (20 km) is narrower than the external Rossby deformation radius (235 km) but wider than the internal Rossby deformation radius (3–5 km). 相似文献
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Abstract Characterization of magnetic particles, and magnetostratigraphic dating, of Holocene and Pleistocene shallow-water carbonates (the Ryukyu Group) in the Ryukyu Islands was carried out to infer the age of reef formation. Magnetic particles from these strata are dominated by fine-grained, single-domain magnetite/maghemite (40–140 nm in length). The magnetite crystals exhibit the size and morphologies characteristic of the magnetite formed by magnetotactic bacteria. No large multidomain grains were seen in transmission electron microscopy observations. The widespread presence of single-domain magnetite in the Ryukyu Islands suggests that bacterial magnetites carry depositional remanent magnetization, which is stable enough for magnetostratigraphic dating and thereby for elucidating the evolution of shallow-water carbonates. The polarity-reversal sequence seen in a core taken from the Ryukyu Group correlates with the timescale of the Matuyama chron, including the Jaramillo subchron, Kamikatsura or Santa Rosa Excursions, through the Brunhes chron. These magnetostratigraphic results imply that the time of reef initiation in the Ryukyu Islands of the northwestern Pacific was earlier than in the Great Barrier Reef of the southwestern Pacific, where it started after the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary. 相似文献
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本研究采用了一种新的元素检测方法,即用X射线分析显微镜来引导分离羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiformis)中有机溴化合物。新鲜羊栖菜经提取、浓缩、洗脱等处理,所得洗脱液经冷冻干燥后,用X射线分析显微镜分析其元素组成。X射线荧光光谱得到的结果表明,这种检测方法十分有效,能够证实有机溴化合物在PVPP柱色谱中得到了有效的浓缩与分离。MALDI-TOFMS质谱显示存在两个有机溴化合物,分子量分别为330和554,质谱的同位素特征表明,每个有机溴化合物分子中分别含有一个溴原子。该有机溴化物具有以下的化学特征:水溶性较强,能够被PVPP柱吸附,而在弱碱条件下溶出;在水溶液中不太稳定,容易形成沉淀。该有机溴化物的紫外可见光谱特征具有多酚化合物的特点,并与海藻中的砷化物具有某种程度的相互作用。 相似文献