134Cs and 137Cs in the North Pacific Ocean derived from the March 2011 TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident,Japan. Part two: estimation of 134Cs and 137Cs inventories in the North Pacific Ocean     

Michio Aoyama  Mizuo Kajino  Taichu Y. Tanaka  Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama  Daisuke Tsumune  Takaki Tsubono  Yasunori Hamajima  Yayoi Inomata  Toshitaka Gamo 《Journal of Oceanography》2016,72(1):67-76

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The XUV Doppler Telescope (XDT)     

Sakao  T.  Tsuneta  S.  Hara  H.  Shimizu  T.  Kano  R.  Kumagai  K.  Yoshida  T.  Nagata  S.  Kobayashi  K. 《Solar physics》1999,187(2):303-333

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Shuffled-cards structure and different P/T conditions in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Sakuma-Tenryu area, central Japan     

Michio Tagiri  Yoshiaki Yago and  Atsushi Tanaka 《Island Arc》2000,9(2):188-203

The Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain of the study area is divided into two units, the Shirakura and Sejiri units. The metamorphic thermal structure is interpreted on the basis of the degree of graphitization (GD) of carbonaceous material in pelitic schists. The areal variations of the metamorphic grade are presented by the distribution of GD calculated using the Lc and d₀₀₂ of carbonaceous material. As a result, the two units are classified into four metamorphic zones, respectively: A₁, A₂, B₁ and B₂ for the Shirakura Unit; and I₁, I₂, II₁ and II₂ for the Sejiri Unit. The metamorphic grades of A₁, A₂, I₁ and I₂ are included in the chlorite zone, and that of B₁, B₂, II₁ and II₂ in the garnet zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphism. The degree of graphitization at the boundary between A₂ and B₁ zones is the same as that between I₂ and II₁ zones. Detailed study on the variation of GD suggests that the present‐day structure of the study area is best interpreted as a model of shuffled‐cards structure. An estimated minimum thickness of a stack of continuous cards is about 25 m. The compositions of garnet in pelitic schists and of amphibole in basic schists are different from those in the identical metamorphic range of the Shirakura and Sejiri units. It is suggested that rocks of the Shirakura Unit were metamorphosed under higher P/T conditions than those of the Sejiri Unit.  相似文献   

Basin-scale distribution of NH<Subscript>4</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript> and NO<Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript> in the Pacific Ocean     

Sayaka Yasunaka  Yukihiro Nojiri  Taketo Hashioka  Chisato Yoshikawa  Taketoshi Kodama  Shin-ichiro Nakaoka  Sanae Chiba  Fuminori Hashihama  Masahide Wakita  Ken Furuya  Daisuke Sasano  Akihiko Murata  Hiroshi Uchida  Michio Aoyama 《Journal of Oceanography》2018,74(1):1-11

We used more than 25,000 nutrient samples to elucidate for the first time basin-scale distributions and seasonal changes of surface ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and nitrite (NO₂ ^?) concentrations in the Pacific Ocean. The highest NH₄ ⁺, NO₂ ^?, and nitrate (NO₃ ^?) concentrations were observed north of 40°N, in the coastal upwelling region off the coast of Mexico, and in the Tasman Sea. NH₄ ⁺ concentrations were elevated during May–October in the western subarctic North Pacific, May–December in the eastern subarctic North Pacific, and June–September in the subtropical South Pacific. NO₂ ^? concentrations were highest in winter in both hemispheres. The seasonal cycle of NH₄ ⁺ was synchronous with NO₂ ^?, NO₃ ^?, and satellite chlorophyll a concentrations in the western subtropical South Pacific, whereas it was synchronous with chlorophyll-a but out of phase with NO₂ ^? and NO₃ ^? in the subarctic regions.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution of organic matter in the Bells CM2 chondrite using near‐field infrared microspectroscopy     

Yoko KEBUKAWA  Satoru NAKASHIMA  Michio ISHIKAWA  Kento AIZAWA  Tsutomu INOUE  Keiko NAKAMURA‐MESSENGER  Michael E. ZOLENSKY 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(3):394-405

Abstract– Distributions of organic functional groups as well as inorganic features were analyzed in the Bells (CM2) carbonaceous chondrite using near‐field infrared (NFIR) spectroscopy. NFIR spectroscopy has recently been developed to enable infrared spectral mapping beyond the optical diffraction limit of conventional Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. NFIR spectral mapping of the Bells 300 nm thick sections on Al plates for 7.5 × 7.5 μm² areas showed some C‐H‐rich areas which were considered to represent the organic‐rich areas. Heterogeneous distributions of organic matter as well as those of inorganic phases such as silicates (Si‐O) were observed with 1 μm spatial resolution. The NFIR mappings of aliphatic C‐H (2960 and 2930 cm^?1) and structural OH (3650 cm^?1) confirm that organic matter is associated with phyllosilicates as previously suggested. The NFIR mapping method can provide 1 μm spatial distribution of organic functional groups and their association with minerals. High local sensitivity of NFIR enables us to find organic‐rich areas and to characterize them by their aliphatic CH₂/CH₃ ratios. The aliphatic CH₂/CH₃ ratio of Bells is slightly higher than Murchison, similar to Orgueil, and lower than literature values of IDPs and cometary dust particles.  相似文献   

The Hinode X-Ray Telescope (XRT): Camera Design, Performance and Operations     

R. Kano  T. Sakao  H. Hara  S. Tsuneta  K. Matsuzaki  K. Kumagai  M. Shimojo  K. Minesugi  K. Shibasaki  E. E. DeLuca  L. Golub  J. Bookbinder  D. Caldwell  P. Cheimets  J. Cirtain  E. Dennis  T. Kent  M. Weber 《Solar physics》2008,249(2):263-279

The X-ray Telescope (XRT) aboard the Hinode satellite is a grazing incidence X-ray imager equipped with a 2048×2048 CCD. The XRT has 1 arcsec pixels with a wide field of view of 34×34 arcmin. It is sensitive to plasmas with a wide temperature range from < 1 to 30 MK, allowing us to obtain TRACE-like low-temperature images as well as Yohkoh/SXT-like high-temperature images. The spacecraft Mission Data Processor (MDP) controls the XRT through sequence tables with versatile autonomous functions such as exposure control, region-of-interest tracking, flare detection, and flare location identification. Data are compressed either with DPCM or JPEG, depending on the purpose. This results in higher cadence and/or wider field of view for a given telemetry bandwidth. With a focus adjust mechanism, a higher resolution of Gaussian focus may be available on-axis. This paper follows the first instrument paper for the XRT (Golub et al., Solar Phys. 243, 63, 2007) and discusses the design and measured performance of the X-ray CCD camera for the XRT and its control system with the MDP.  相似文献   

Balloon-Borne Hard X-Ray Spectrometer Using CdTe Detectors     

K. Kobayashi  S. Tsuneta  T. Tamura  K. Kumagai  Y. Katsukawa  M. Kubo  Y. Sakamoto  N. Kohara  T. Yamagami  Y. Saito  K. Mori 《Solar physics》2008,250(2):431-441

Spectroscopic observation of solar flares in the hard X-ray energy range, particularly the 20 ∼ 100 keV region, is an invaluable tool for investigating the flare mechanism. This paper describes the design and performance of a balloon-borne hard X-ray spectrometer using CdTe detectors developed for solar flare observation. The instrument is a small balloon payload (gondola weight 70 kg) with sixteen 10×10×0.5 mm CdTe detectors, designed for a 1-day flight at 41 km altitude. It observes in an energy range of 20−120 keV and has an energy resolution of 3 keV at 60 keV. The second flight on 24 May 2002 succeeded in observing a class M1.1 flare.  相似文献   

Growth anomalies on Acropora cytherea corals     

Irikawa A  Casareto BE  Suzuki Y  Agostini S  Hidaka M  van Woesik R 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(8):1702-1707

This ten-year study examined the morphological, physiological, and ecological characteristics of coral growth anomalies on Acropora cytherea on Amuro Island, Okinawa, Japan. The objectives of the study were to assess whether the growth anomalies, identified as diffuse disruptions on the skeleton: (i) were more prevalent on large colonies than on small colonies, (ii) were more common near the center of the colonies than peripherally, (iii) affected colony growth and mortality, and (iv) affected coral-colony fecundity and photosynthetic capacity. We hypothesized that the growth anomalies were signs of the onset of aging. The growth anomalies were more prevalent on colonies >2 m diameter, and were concentrated near the central (older) portions of the colonies. The growth anomalies were also associated with reduced productivity and dysfunctional gametogenesis. Still, the growth anomalies did not appear to affect colony survival. The contact experiments showed that the growth anomalies were not contagious, and were most likely a sign of aging that was exacerbated by thermal stress.  相似文献   

The X-Ray Telescope (XRT) for the Hinode Mission     

L. Golub  E. DeLuca  G. Austin  J. Bookbinder  D. Caldwell  P. Cheimets  J. Cirtain  M. Cosmo  P. Reid  A. Sette  M. Weber  T. Sakao  R. Kano  K. Shibasaki  H. Hara  S. Tsuneta  K. Kumagai  T. Tamura  M. Shimojo  J. McCracken  J. Carpenter  H. Haight  R. Siler  E. Wright  J. Tucker  H. Rutledge  M. Barbera  G. Peres  S. Varisco 《Solar physics》2007,243(1):63-86

The X-ray Telescope (XRT) of the Hinode mission provides an unprecedented combination of spatial and temporal resolution in solar coronal studies. The high sensitivity and broad dynamic range of XRT, coupled with the spacecraft’s onboard memory capacity and the planned downlink capability will permit a broad range of coronal studies over an extended period of time, for targets ranging from quiet Sun to X-flares. This paper discusses in detail the design, calibration, and measured performance of the XRT instrument up to the focal plane. The CCD camera and data handling are discussed separately in a companion paper.  相似文献   

Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2 in the liver of common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)     

Niimi S  Watanabe MX  Kim EY  Iwata H  Yasunaga G  Fujise Y  Tanabe S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(8-12):784-793

This study presents full-length cDNA sequences of CYP1A1 and 1A2, in common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the North Pacific. Both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 cDNAs had an open reading frame of 516 amino acid residues, and predicted molecular masses were 58.3 kDa and 58.1 kDa, respectively. The deduced full-length amino acid sequence of CYP1A1 revealed higher identities with those of sheep (86%) and pig (87%), and that of CYP1A2 was most closely related to human (82%) and monkey CYP1A2 (82%) among species from which CYP1A2 has been isolated so far. Differences in certain conserved and functional amino acid residues of CYP1A1 and 1A2 between common minke whale and other mammalian species indicate the possibility of their specific metabolic function. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) including PCBs and DDTs analyzed in common minke whale liver showed no significant correlation with hepatic mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, indicating no induction of these enzymes by such OCs.  相似文献