The formation of the outer planets     

M. J. Handbury  I. P. Williams 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1975,38(1):29-37

One of the outstanding problems in planetary cosmogony is to account for the depletion of hydrogen in the outer planets, Neptune and Uranus. It is suggested that these planets were originally similar to the major planets but that the settling towards the centre of grains, enriched by substances such as methane, ammonia and water because of the low temperatures, released enough energy to cause the evaporation of most of the hydrogen.  相似文献   

Permanent flare activity in the magnetosphere during periods of low magnetic activity in the auroral zone     

V. A. Sergeev  A. G. Yahnin  R. A. Rakhmatulin  S. I. Solovjev  F. S. Mozer  D. J. Williams  C. T. Russell 《Planetary and Space Science》1986,34(12):1169-1188

Auroral, magnetic variation and pulsation data from the dense network in the nearmidnight portion of the auroral zone are used together with the measurements of suprathermal particles and electromagnetic fields by the IMP-8 and ISEE-1 spacecraft within the plasma sheet to study the characteristics of activity during two magnetically quiet periods on 3 March 1976 and 23 March 1979. Contrary to existing beliefs, we found clear signatures of numerous (5–10 events per hour) transient events, characterized by plasma flows, energetic particle bursts and E−B field variations. A close association of these events in the plasma sheet with the local auroral flares (LAFs) in the conjugate sector of the auroral zone is established for many events. We conclude that LAF (local auroral arc activation with associated Pi pulsations but extremely weak magnetic bays) have the same plasma sheet manifestations (apparently, the same physics) as the individual substorm intensifications during strong substorm expansion events, which differ from the studied quiet periods mainly by the strength and number of these intensifications. These transient phenomena seem to play an important role in the energetics of the quiet time magnetotail.  相似文献   

An investigation of diffuse cloud chemistry     

Mann  A. P. C.  Williams  D. A. 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1986,121(2):387-395

  相似文献   

Migration and Leaching of Metals from Old Mine Tailings Deposits   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

James H. Galbraith  Roy E. Williams  Peter L. Siems 《Ground water》1972,10(3):33-44

  相似文献   

EPR of a hydrogen/double-lithium centre in α-quartz     

N. S. Lees  C. J. Walsby  J. A. S. Williams  J. A. Weil  R. F. C. Claridge 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2003,30(3):131-141

 X-band electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on a gamma-irradiated α-quartz crystal have revealed a new hydrogarnet-like defect. Analysis of the spectral data suggests that the centre consists of an oxygenic electron hole adjacent to a silicon vacancy, charge-compensated by a proton and two lithium +1 ions. The principal directions of the spin-Hamiltonian g matrix indicate that the oxygenic hole occurs on the oxygen ion that would be long-bonded to the missing silicon atom. Modelling of the proton and lithium hyperfine matrices via three different methods has provided a detailed physical view for the structure of the defect centre, which is presented here. Received: 12 June 2002 / Accepted: 10 January 2003 RID="‡" ID="‡" Deceased August 2001  相似文献   

An infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of gypsum at high pressures     

E. Knittle  W. Phillips  Q. Williams 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(9):630-640

 We present Raman and infrared spectra of gypsum to 21 GPa at 300 K. Our measurements encompass the internal modes of the (SO₄)⁻⁴ group that lie between 400 and 1150 cm⁻¹, hydroxyl-stretching vibrations between 3200 and 3600 cm⁻¹, and a libration and bending vibrations of the molecular H₂O group. All vibrations of the sulfate group have positive pressure shifts, while the hydroxyl-stretching and -bending vibrations have a mixture of positive and negative pressure shifts: the effect of pressure on the hydrogen bonding of the water molecule thus appears to be complex. Near 5 GPa, the two infrared-active bending vibrations of the water molecule coalesce, and the morphology of the hydroxyl-stretching region of the spectrum shifts dramatically. This behavior is consistent with a pressure-induced phase transition in gypsum in the vicinity of 5–6 GPa, which is observed to be reversible on decompression to zero pressure. The spectral observations are consistent with the onset of increased disorder in the position of the water molecule in gypsum: the sulfate vibrations are largely unaffected by this transition. The Raman-active symmetric stretch of the sulfate group undergoes an apparent splitting near 4 GPa, which is interpreted to be produced by Fermi resonance with an overtone of the symmetric bending vibration. The average mode Grüneisen parameter of the 20 vibrational modes we sample is less than 0.05, in contrast to the bulk thermal Grüneisen parameter of 1.20. Accordingly, the vibrations of both water and sulfate units within gypsum are highly insensitive to volumetric compaction. Therefore, in spite of the changes in the bonding of the water unit near 5 GPa, metastably compressed gypsum maintains strongly bound molecular-like units to over 20 GPa at 300 K. Received: 31 July 2000 / Accepted: 5 April 2001  相似文献   

Application of the 915 MHz profiler for diagnosing and classifying tropical precipitating cloud systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K. S. Gage  C. R. Williams  W. L. Ecklund 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,59(1-2):141-151

Summary The NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory has developed a 915 MHz lower tropospheric wind profiler designed primarily for measuring wind in the planetary boundary layer of the tropics. In recent years the profiler has been used in many field programs worldwide. The profiler is being deployed by the Aeronomy Laboratory at several locations in the tropics to provide long-term measurements for the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program and the Global Ocean Atmosphere Land Surface (GOALS) program. In the absence of precipitating cloud systems the profiler observes winds routinely up to altitudes of 3 to 6 km in the tropics depending primarily on humidity. In the presence of precipitating cloud systems, however, the profiler height coverage is substantially increased due to the presence of hydrometeors to which the profiler is sensitive at its wavelength of 33 cm. In this paper we examine the application of the 915 MHz profiler to the diagnosis and classification of precipitating cloud systems in the tropics. Preliminary results from Christmas Island confirm that at least half of tropical rainfall is stratiform in nature being associated with mesoscale convective systems. The 915 MHz profiler provides a means for the development of a climatology of tropical precipitating cloud systems. Such a climatology is needed to specify diabatic heating rates in large-scale numerical weather prediction and climate models. It should also help develop improved rain retrieval algorithms from satellite observations.With 10 Figures  相似文献   

An Atmospheric Chemistry Interpretation of Mass Scans Obtained from a Proton Transfer Mass Spectrometer Flown over the Tropical Rainforest of Surinam     

J. Williams  U. Pöschl  P. J. Crutzen  A. Hansel  R. Holzinger  C. Warneke  W. Lindinger  J. Lelieveld 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2001,38(2):133-166

Data on a variety of organic gases are presented, obtained with a protontransfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) operated during the March 1998 LBA/CLAIREairborne measurement campaign, between 60 and 12500 m over the rainforest inSurinam (2° N–5° N, 54° W–57° W). The instrumentcan detect molecules with a proton affinity greater than water, includingalkenes, dialkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, and nitriles. Many such molecules areemitted from the rainforest (e.g., isoprene) or formed from the oxidation ofprimary emissions (e.g., methylvinylketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR)).From a comparison with modelled data; the variation with altitude; previouslyreported biogenic emissions and the time and location of the measurement,possible and probable identities for the significant masses encountered in therange 33–140 amu have been deduced.The main observed protonated masses, postulated identities and observedaverage boundary layer mixing ratios over the rainforest were: 33 methanol(1.1 nmol/mol); 42 acetonitrile (190 pmol/mol); 43 multiple possibilities (5.9nmol/mol), 45 acetaldehyde (1.7 nmol/mol), 47 formic acid (not quantified);59 acetone (2.9 nmol/mol), 61 acetic acid (not quantified), 63 dimethylsulphide (DMS) (289 pmol/mol), 69 isoprene (1.7 nmol/mol), 71 MVK + MACR (1.3nmol/mol), 73 methyl ethyl ketone (1.8 nmol/mol), 75 hydroxyacetone (606pmol/mol), 83 C₅ isoprene hydroxy carbonylsC₅H₈O₂, methyl furan, and cis 3-hexen-1-ol(732 pmol/mol), 87 C₅ carbonyls and methacrylic acid, 95 possibly2-vinyl furan (656 pmol/mol), 97 unknown (305 pmol/mol), 99 cis hexenal (512pmol/mol) and 101 isoprene C₅ hydroperoxides (575 pmol/mol). Somespecies agreed well with those derived from an isoprene only photochemicalmodel (e.g., mass 71 MVK + MACR) while others did not and were observed athigher than previously reported mixing ratios (e.g., mass 59 acetone, mass 63DMS). Monoterpenes were not detected above the detection limit of 300pmol/mol. Several species postulated are potentially important sources ofHO_x in the free troposphere, e.g., methanol, acetone, methyl ethylketone, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein.  相似文献   

Assessment of Rock-Eval Tmax Data in Bambra-2 Well of Barrow Sub-basin, North West Shelf of Australia： A Case Study of Contaminated Rock-Eval Data     

HeSheng AlexKaiko MikeMiddleton JiangChunqing 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2003,14(2):144-150

The contamination of cuttings and side-wall core (SWC) samples in the Bambra-2 well by drilling-mud additives and natural hydrocarbons may cause Ruek-Eval Tmax (℃) data to be suspect, and affect its utility in the assessment of thermal maturity. The Rock-Eval results of 284 cuttings samples, 31 side-wall core samples and conventional core samples from the Jurassic-Cretaceous sedimentary sequences in the Bambra-2 well are presented in this paper. Significantly lower Tmax values from cuttings samples compared with Tmax values from conventional core samples and solvent extracted SWC samples, from the deeper and higher maturity interval, are thought to have been caused by contamination by diesel and other drilling-mud additives. The cuttings samples in the Barrow Group of Cretaceous may be contaminated by natural hydrocarbons, resulting their Tmax values to be 2-10℃ lower than a regularly increased Tmax trend from core samples. This study indicates that more reliable Rock-Eval Tmax data are obtained from the conventional core samples and solvent extracted SWC samples. This study also indicates that the Tmax values from some SWC samples were also affected by free hydrocarbons, due to the use of diesel as a mud additive as well.  相似文献   

Normal fault growth and early syn-rift sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy: Thal Fault, Suez Rift, Egypt   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mike J. Young  Rob. L. Gawthorpe  Ian R. Sharp 《Basin Research》2003,15(4):479-502

This paper investigates the tectono‐stratigraphic development of a major, segmented rift border fault (Thal Fault) during ca. 6 Myr of initial rifting in the Suez Rift, Egypt. The Thal Fault is interpreted to have evolved by the progressive linkage of at least four fault segments. We focus on two contrasting structural settings in its hangingwall: Gushea, towards the northern tip of the fault, and Musaba Salaama, ca. 20 km along‐strike to the south, towards the centre of the fault. The early syn‐rift stratigraphic succession passes upwards from continental facies, through a condensed marginal marine shell‐rich facies, into fully marine shoreface sandstone and offshore mudstone. Regionally correlatable stratal surfaces within this succession define time‐equivalent stratal units that exhibit considerable along‐strike variability in thickness and facies architecture. During the initial ca. 6 Myr of rifting, the thickest stratigraphy developed towards the centre of the array of fault segments that subsequently hard linked to form the Thal Fault. Thus, a displacement gradient existed between fault segments at the centre and tip of the fault array, suggesting that the fault segments interacted, and a fixed length was established for the fault array, at an early stage in rifting. Towards the centre of the Thal Fault the early syn‐rift succession shows pronounced thickening away from the fault and towards a series of intra‐block antithetic faults that were active for up to ca. 6 Myr. This indicates that a large proportion of fault‐controlled subsidence during the initial ca. 6 Myr of rifting occurred in the hangingwalls of antithetic intra‐block faults, and not the present‐day Thal Fault. The antithetic faults progressively switched off during rifting such that after ca. 6 Myr of rifting, fault‐activity had localised on the Thal Fault enabling it to accrue to the present‐day high level of displacement. Aspects of the development of the Thal Fault appear to be in contrast to many models of fault evolution that predict large‐displacement rift‐climax faults to have always had the greatest displacement during fault population evolution. This study has implications for tectono‐stratigraphic development during early rift basin evolution. In particular, we stress that caution must be taken when relating final rift‐climax fault structure to the early tectono‐stratigraphy, as these may differ considerably.  相似文献