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81.
82.
Minoru Ozima Kazuo Saito Masahiko Honda Sigeo Aramaki 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(4):453-461
K-Ar dating and 40Ar-39Ar step heating experiments have been done for successive zones from the surface to the interior in two, altered dredged submarine basalts (16-2-6 and Aries V-23). The K contents show a systematic decrease (surface to the interior), whereas the K-Ar ages show a similar decrease in one sample (16-2-6) and almost no change in the other (Aries V-23).A simple diffusion model suggests that the K content decreases systematically from the surface to the interior, whereas the K-Ar age decreases or remains almost constant, depending on whether the times of solidification and of commencement of K-diffusion are close to each other or differ significantly. Comparison of the observed K content and K-Ar age variations within the rocks with the theoretical model then suggests that the solidification age of the sample Aries V-23 is much older than the commencement of the potassium-diffusion, the latter age perhaps being represented by the Eocene planktonic foraminifera on this sample. The 40Ar-39Ar isochron age obtained for the freshest specimen of Aries V-23 is 86.6 ± 3.7 m.y., supporting the above conclusion.The mathematical simulation indicates that an apparent concordance of the K-Ar age observed in some submarine basalts may be an artifact, only reflecting the significant gap between the solidification age and the time of the commencement of the K-diffusion in the rocks. Microprobe examination reveals that the potassium enrichment in the outer margin, is mainly due to K feldspar, which is an alteration product of plagioclase. 相似文献
83.
Summary To clarify the interaction between RaA ions and condensation nuclei, simultaneous measurements of the concentration of RaA ions (n
A), radon-222, and condensation nuclei (Z) were carried out at several stations. In some occasions, the diffusion coefficients of nuclei (D) were also measured. It was found that the correlation among them may be well expressed by the simple formula;q
A = A nA Z. The correlation between A andD (or radius of nuclei) was also obtained.The effective attachment coefficient of RaA ions was compared with that of small ordinary ions, and it was presumed that about one fourth of RaA atoms formed on the decay of radon-222 is positively charged, and the rest is neutral. 相似文献
84.
The effects of thermal and compressional treatment on40Ar-39Ar systematics have been investigated on three artificially heated biotite samples (heated for 1 hour at 700°C and 860°C in air and 700°C in vacuum respectively) and uniaxially compressed granite (p = 1400bar) and basalt samples (p = 1650bar). The40Ar-39Ar results for the disturbed samples are compared with those for undisturbed samples. Except for the vacuum-heating case, the effects of the disturbances may be interpreted as the combined effect of a partial loss of radiogenic40Ar from the sample and an incorporation of air Ar into the sample. Common diagnostic effects are (1) reduction of the total fusion age, (2) distortion of the age spectrum and, if the degree of the partial Ar loss is small, (3) approximate preservation of the isochron age, and (4) reduction of the intercept value (40Ar/36Ar) in the isochron plot.The features observed in the age spectra of artificially disturbed samples are rather common in geologically disturbed samples, suggesting that the artificial disturbances simulate the effects of geological disturbances on40Ar-39Ar systematics. 相似文献
85.
Rare gas trapping during crystallization from vapor phases of (1) CdTe, (2) Zn, (3) Mg and (4) Fe3O4 has been studied. Samples were deposited as very fine crystals (about several hundred angströms) in ambient Ar atmospheres of various pressures. It was found that the amount of Ar trapped in the samples was proportional to the ambient Ar pressure. Stepheating degassing of the crystals showed that Ar was rather loosely trapped and released at relatively low temperatures. However, on a simple mechanical compaction of the crystal powder the retentivity of Ar was considerably enhanced. 相似文献
86.
Minoru Ozima 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(8):1127-1134
Earth-atmosphere evolution models are mathematically simulated and the resulting present isotopic ratio (40Ar/36Ar) in the mantle is given for each.Differential outgassing experiments on several recent submarine glasses were made to estimate an isotopic ratio (40Ar/36Ar) in the present mantle. Estimations of (40Ar/36Ar) in the mantle by various methods are also critically reviewed. From the experimental results and these considerations a minimum value of 2000 for (40Ar/36Ar) ratio in the present mantle is inferred. By assuming that is larger than 2000 and that the potassium content in the present mantle is larger than 50 ppm, we can limit considerably a choice among various Earth-atmosphere evolution models, i.e. (1) a continuous degassing process can not explain rare gas evolution in the atmosphere, (2) early sudden degassing is more likely and (3) such sudden degassing must have occurred earlier than 4.35 b.y. 相似文献
87.
Minoru Utada 《Resource Geology》2003,53(4):293-304
Abstract. The Tsukiyoshi uranium deposit in Gifu Prefecture is the largest one in Japan. It is embedded in lower part of the Mizunami Group of Miocene age. Relating to the existence of this uranium deposit, the constituent minerals in sediments were studied by XRD and SEM, using many drilling cores. The most abundant authigenic mineral is smectite. The amount of smectite increases generally from upper to lower horizons, and a highly smectitized zone is situated around the uranium deposit. Smectitization predominated in mafic glassy grains of sediments, which was probably formed in early burial diagenesis. Zeolites including clinoptilolite-heulandite, mordenite, analcime, chabazite and philipsite are secondly abundant authigenic minerals. They seem to have been formed at early to late diagenetic stages. Opaline silica is rather rare. Carbonate minerals, including cal-cite, dolomite, siderite and rhodochrosite are common. They may be formed by diagenesis as well. Gypsum and pyrite occur in upper horizons and lower horizons, respectively. In particular, a highly smectitized zone including pyrite probably played an important role for retarding the migration of uranium and as a result keeping the uranium deposit for past one million years. This smectite-zeolite envelope surrounding the Tsukiyoshi uranium deposit is regarded as a natural analogue of the buffer materials surrounding the high-level radioactive waste repository. 相似文献
88.
Deep-sea coral geochemistry: Implication for the vital effect 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Deep-sea corals hold a great potential as a key to important aspects of paleoceanography for at least two reasons, 1) they offer temporal high resolution records of deep-sea environment, because they have growth banding structures, 2) and they are well suited for studying vital effects, because the deep-sea environment does not change over short time scales. However, the relationship between the chemical composition of deep-sea coral skeletons and environmental factors is not well understood. In this study, the chemical composition of deep-sea corals was measured in bulk individuals and along skeletal micro-structures. Among the bulk individuals, δ18O value and Sr / Ca ratio show a negative but weak correlation with ambient temperature. On the other hand, the Mg / Ca ratio has a positive, weak correlation with the temperature. Large variations were found among samples collected from similar temperature. The variation is up to 3.8‰ for δ18O, 0.9 mmol/mol for Sr / Ca ratios, and 0.78 mmol/mol for Mg / Ca ratios among samples with ambient average temperature within 1 °C. This variation may be due to a large vital effect. The centers of calcification (COCs), which were formed at high calcification rate, have lower Sr / Ca, U / Ca and higher Mg / Ca ratios than surrounding fasciculi. This chemical distribution supports the model that elemental incorporation depends on calcification rate. This suggests that calcification rate is a very important factor for the chemical composition in deep-sea corals and is one of the most significant mechanisms of the vital effect. Because of this large vital effect, further investigations are essential to use the deep-sea coral as a temperature proxy. 相似文献
89.
One answer to the question posed in the title is that we will have more accurate data for arrival times of SH waves, because the rotational component around the vertical axis is sensitive to SH waves although not to P-SV waves. Importantly, there is another answer related to seismic sources, which will be discussed in this paper.
Generally, not only dislocations commonly used in earthquake models but also other kind of defects could contribute to producing seismic waves. In particular, rotational strains at earthquake sources directly generate rotational components in seismic waves. Employing the geometrical theory of defects, we obtain a general expression for the rotational motion of seismic waves as a function of the parameters of source defects.
Using this expression, together with one for translational motion, we can estimate the rotational strain tensor and the spatial variation of slip velocity in the source area of earthquakes. These quantities will be large at the edges of a fault plane due to spatially rapid changes of slip on the fault and/or a formation of tensile fractures. 相似文献
Generally, not only dislocations commonly used in earthquake models but also other kind of defects could contribute to producing seismic waves. In particular, rotational strains at earthquake sources directly generate rotational components in seismic waves. Employing the geometrical theory of defects, we obtain a general expression for the rotational motion of seismic waves as a function of the parameters of source defects.
Using this expression, together with one for translational motion, we can estimate the rotational strain tensor and the spatial variation of slip velocity in the source area of earthquakes. These quantities will be large at the edges of a fault plane due to spatially rapid changes of slip on the fault and/or a formation of tensile fractures. 相似文献
90.
Stable isotope ratios of S, O and Sr have been measured for active vent materials which were first found and sampled in April 1987 from the Mariana backarc spreading axis at 18°N. Chimneys consisted mostly of barite with a lesser proportion of sulfide minerals such as sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite. Theδ34S values of sphalerite and galena taken from several chimneys and various parts of a chimney showed a narrow range from 2.1 to 3.1‰, suggesting uniform conditions of fluid chemistry during chimney growth. The sulfur isotopic results imply a contribution of hydrogen sulfide reduced from seawater sulfate in the deep hydrothermal reaction zone, considering that fresh glasses of the Mariana Trough basalts haveδ34S= −0.6 ± 0.3‰. Sulfur isotopic compositions of hydrogen sulfide in the high temperature vent fluids (δ34S= 3.6–4.8‰) which are higher than those of the sulfide minerals suggest the secondary addition of hydrogen sulfide partially reduced from entrained seawater SO42− at a basal part of the chimneys. This interpretation is consistent with theδ34S values of barite (21–22‰) that are higher than those of seawater sulfate. The residence time of the entrained SO42− was an order of an hour on a basis of oxygen isotopic disequilibrium of barite. Strontium isotopic variations of barite and vent waters indicated that Sr in barite was mostly derived from the Mariana Trough basalts with a slight contribution from Sr in circulating sea-water, and that 10–20% mixing of seawater with ascending hydrothermal fluids induced precipitation of barite at the sea-floor. 相似文献