Computation of wave fields in seismic models and real media     

Vlastislav Červený 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1966,10(3):259-270

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Effect of the substrate-concentration on the methane fermentation of sewage sludge     

Dr. J. Malý CSc  Dr. H. Fadrus 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1971,33(2):578-591

Summary In batch fermentation tests the effect of the substrate concentration on the methane fermentation process of the sewage sludge was controlled. In the range of 1.5 up to 6.5 percent of dry solids content in the raw sludge no changes could be demonstrated in the fermentation course, digestion of the organic substance, sludge gas production and in the organic compounds decomposition. The ratio of the solid phase concentration to the water content determined the ion concentration of the solution, which during the fermentation process would increase. The ion concentration affects the enzymatic activity of the bacteria and their metabolic process as well. The increase of the concentration of some ions, e.g. of ammonia-ions, above the given limit would inhibit the fermentation course. At conditions of the tests this limit would not be exceeded so that the inhibition of the fermentation could not be observed. In accordance with the composition of the mineral and organic part of the sludge particles the buffer capacity of media would result which is considered to be most significant for preserving the pH value in suitable limits for the bacteria, participating on the methane fermentation of organic substrate.

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Zusammenfassung In Schichtfermentations-Versuchen wurde der Einfluss der Subtratkonzentration auf die Methanfermentation von Kl?rschlamm bestimmt. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass im Bereich von 1,5 bis 6,5% Trockensubstanz keine ?nderungen im Verlaufe der Fermentation, in der Digestion organischer Stoffe, in der Faulgasproduktion und im Abbau der Kohlenstoffverbindungen auftreten. Das Konzentrationsverh?ltnis der festen Phase des Schlammes zu seinem Wassergehalt bestimmt aber die Ionenst?rke des Milieus, die w?hrend der Fermentation erh?ht wird. Die Ionenkonzentration beeinflusst die enzymatische T?tigkeit der Bakterien und dadurch auch ihre metabolischen Vorg?nge. Die Erh?hung von Ionenkonzentration (z.B. Ammoniumionen) über eine gewisse Grenze inhibiert den Fermentationsverlauf. Unter den Bedingungen der angeführten Versuche, wo die Substratkonzentration die bei dem Betrieb der Faulbeh?lter üblichen Werte nicht überschritten hat, wurde denn auch keine Inhibition der Methanfermentation beobachtet. Die Zusammensetzung des organischen und anorganischen Anteils des Schlammes bestimmt die Pufferkapazit?t des Milieus, die für die Erhaltung des pH-Wertes in den für die Bakterient?tigkeit geeigneten Grenzen wichtig ist.

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Résumé L'on a, dans des essais de fermentation par couches, étudié l'effet de la concentration du substrat sur le processus de fermentation des boues d'épuration au méthane. On constata que, lorsque les boues ont une teneur en matière sèche entre 1,5 et 6,5%, il ne se produit aucun changement dans la fermentation, dans la digestion des substances organiques, dans la production de gaz de digestion, ni dans la décomposition des carbures. C'est toutefois du rapport entre la phase solide des boues et leur teneur en eau que dépend la concentration du milieu en ions, concentration qui augmente au cours de la fermentation. La concentration en ions influe sur l'activité enzymatique des bactéries et, de ce fait, aussi sur leur métabolisme. L'augmentation des concentrations de certains ions (ions d'ammonium par exemple) au-delà d'une certaine limite freine le processus de fermentation. Dans les conditions qui régnaient pendant les essais en question, les concentrations du substrat ne dépassèrent pas les valeurs observées dans la pratique, de sorte qu'il ne se produisit aucune inhibition de la fermentation au méthane. La composition de la fraction organique et celle de la fraction inorganique des boues détermine la capacité tampon du milieu, capacité qui est très importante pour le maintien de la valeur pH dans les limites favorables à l'activité bactérienne.

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Partial derivatives of dispersion curves of love waves in a layered medium   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Oldřich Novotný 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1970,14(1):36-50

Zusammenfassung Es werden Formeln abgeleitet, die die Gruppengeschwindigkeit und partielle Ableitungen der Phasen- und Gruppengeschwindigkeit der Love-Wellen im geschichteten Medium zu berechnen erm?glichen, und zwar ohne Verwendung der numerischen Ableitungen. Die Berechnungen mit Hilfe dieser Formeln sind vielfach schneller als bei Verwendung der numerischen Methoden; sie sind sogar genauer, besonders bei der Berechnung der partiellen Ableitungen der Gruppengeschwindigkeit. Ausführlich werden die partiellen Ableitungen der Dispersionskurven der Love-Wellen für das Model des Kanadischen-Schilds studiert.

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Address: Ke Karlovu 3, Praha 2.  相似文献   

Refracted wave in a horizontally layered medium with continuous velocity gradients     

Jaromír Janský 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1970,14(3):286-295

Zusammenfassung Den Gegenstand der Arbeit bildet die Berechnung der Laufzeit- und Amplitudenkurve einer Refraktionswelle für bestimmtes gegebenes Medium anhand der Ersetzung dieses Milieus durch horizontal geschichtetes Medium mit stetigen Geschwindigkeitsgradienten an den Grenzen einzelner Schichten, wobei man an die Arbeit anknüpft, die sich mit geschichtetem Medium mit konstanten Geschwindigkeitsgradienten in den Schichten befasste. Ausser der Anführung der Berechnungsformeln wird auch die Frage der Beseitigung der falschen und Einhaltung der realen Inflexionen auf dem ersetzenden Geschwindigkeitsschnitt diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der Berechnung nach dem zusammengestellten Programm werden mit einem Beispiel illustriert.

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Address: Ke Karlovu 3, Praha 2-Nové Město.  相似文献   

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in Spring Barley Production in the Czech Republic   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Miroslav Trnka  Martin Dubrovský  Zdeněk Žalud 《Climatic change》2004,64(1-2):227-255

The crop model CERES-Barley was used to assess the impacts of increased concentration of atmospheric CO₂ on growth and development of the most important spring cereal in Central and Western Europe, i.e., spring barley, and to examine possible adaptation strategies. Three experimental regions were selected to compare the climate change impacts in various climatic and pedological conditions. The analysis was based on multi-year crop model simulations run with daily weather series obtained by stochastic weather generator and included two yield levels: stressed yields and potential yields. Four climate change scenarios based on global climate models and representing 2 × CO₂ climate were applied. Results: (i) The crop model is suitable for use in the given environment, e.g., the coefficient of determination between the simulated and experimental yields equals 0.88. (ii) The indirect effect related to changed weather conditions is mostly negative. Its magnitude ranges from ?19% to +5% for the four scenarios applied at the three regions. (iii) The magnitude of the direct effect of doubled CO₂ on the stressed yields for the three test sites is 35–55% in the present climate and 25–65% in the 2 × CO₂ climates. (iv) The stressed yields would increase in 2 × CO₂ conditions by 13–52% when both direct and indirect effects were considered. (v) The impacts of doubled CO₂ on potential yields are more uniform throughout the localities in comparison with the stressed yields. The magnitude of the indirect and direct effects ranges from ?1 to ?9% and from +31 to +33%, respectively. Superposition of both effects results in 19–30% increase of the potential yields. (vi) Application of the earlier planting date (up to 60 days) would result in 15–22% increase of the yields in 2 × CO₂ conditions. (vii) Use of a cultivar with longer vegetation duration would bring 1.5% yield increase per one extra day of the vegetation season. (viii) The initial water content in the soil water profile proved to be one of the key elements determining the spring barley yield. It causes the yields to increase by 54–101 kg.ha^?1 per 1% increase of the available soil water content on the sowing day.  相似文献   

The Western Carpathians—interaction of Hercynian and Alpine processes     

Miroslav Bielik  Jn &#x;efara  Michal Kov   Vladimír Bezk  Du&#x;an Pla&#x;ienka 《Tectonophysics》2004,393(1-4):63

The complicated structural and rheologic properties of Western Carpathian lithosphere reflect the complex geodynamic history of the Carpathian orogen. Based on critical analysis of earlier models, new interpolation of existing geophysical data and results of integrated modelling, a new map of the lithosphere thickness for the Carpathian–Pannonian region has been constructed. The map allows for the distinction of a frontal orogen collision zone in the NE (from increased lithosphere thickness) as well as a zone of oblique collision with the Bohemian Massif in the West, where lithosphere is not significantly thickened. The MOHO discontinuity beneath the Western Carpathian hinterland (Danube and East Slovak Basins), as defined by deep reflection seismic profiling, is relatively shallow. This probably reflects recent crustal extension related to oblique collision between the European plate and the ALCAPA block and an increase of the asthenospheric updoming from the Middle Miocene onward.Crustal thickness reflects the combined effects of deep-seated orogenic processes and mantle thermal evolution beneath the Pannonian Basin system. In this study, we focus particularly the structures of: (1) the Late Alpine collision and Neogene back arc basin development, including deep-seated contacts between colliding plates, a zone of slab detachment, the compressional accretionary wedge of the Outer Western Carpathian Flysch Belt, and extensional structures produced by subduction rollback and asthenosphere upwelling; (2) Early Alpine structures related to Cretaceous thrust-stacking, including subhorizontal reflection packages (interpreted as multi-generational extensional structures), the underplated intra-Penninic (Oravic) continental ribbon, and ophiolite traces of the Meliatic oceanic suture; and (3) north-dipping reflectors interpreted as remnant Hercynian lithotectonic fragments with opposed vergency to the subducted Alpine units.  相似文献   

Cyclic variation in the spatial distribution of the coronal green line brightness     

O. G. Badalyan  V. N. Obridko  J. Sýkora 《Astronomy Reports》2005,49(6):477-484

The spatial and temporal brightness distributions of the Fe XIV 530.3 nm coronal green line (CGL) and cyclic variations of these distributions are analyzed for a long time interval covering more than five 11-year cycles (1943–2001). The database of line brightnesses is visually represented in the form of a movie. Substantial restructuring of the spatial distribution of the CGL brightness occur over fairly short time intervals near the so-called reference points of the solar cycle; such points can be identified based on various sets of solar-activity indices. Active longitudes are observed in the CGL brightness over 1.5–3 yr. Antipodal and “alternating” active longitudes are also detected. The movie can be used to compare the CGL brightness data with other indicators of solar activity, such as magnetic fields. The movie is available at http://helios.izmiran.rssi.ru/hellab/Badalyan/green/.  相似文献   

Present-day seismicity of the south-eastern Elbe Fault System (NE Bohemian Massif)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Špaček  Z. Sýkorová  J. Pazdírková  J. Švancara  J. Havíř 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2006,50(2):233-258

The Variscan Bohemian Massif is disrupted by the NW-SE striking Elbe Fault System in its northern part. The increased tectonic activity associated with this structure is manifested by increased seismicity in the eastern part of the Sudetes. With the use of a temporary local seismic network, the total number of micro-earthquakes located in this region increased to 153 for the period 1996–2003. The local magnitudes vary between −0.6 and 1.8 and the seismic energy was often released in swarm-like sequences. Five seismic events with well-defined P-onset polarities at five or six stations enabled the estimation of focal mechanisms. The present-day activity of the WNW-ESE to NNW-SSE fault systems is discussed on the basis of source mechanisms, the alignment of the epicentres, as well as morphological and geological evidence. The majority of the recent seismic activity is concentrated in a 40–60 km wide zone of a generally NW-SE trend. This structure represents a regional zone of weakness within the SE termination of the Elbe Fault System, defined by a mesh of interconnected faults, of which many are deep-seated and highly permeable and some are associated with light to moderate historical earthquakes. Both in the areas due south and due north of this zone the present-day seismic activity is very low. The increased tectonic activity can be interpreted as a result of the abundance of suitably oriented faults and their interconnection into major fault systems, the proximity of the Outer Carpathian indentor and the Cainozoic volcanic and associated recent post-volcanic activity. The similar character of swarms and their coincidence with the post-volcanic activity in the southeastern part of the Elbe Fault System and in some focal zones of the western Bohemian seismically active area suggests that overpressurized fluids may represent a potential swarm-triggering mechanism.  相似文献   

Michenerite PdBiTe and froodite PdBi2 from the Cu-Ni mineralization in the Ransko massif, Czech Republic     

RNDr. I. Vavřín  RNDr. J. Frýda 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,63(1-2):141-146

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Analytical expressions for Fresnel volumes and interface fresnel zones of seismic body waves. Part 2: Transmitted and converted waves. Head waves     

Michal Kvasnička  Vlastislav Červený 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1996,40(4):381-397

Summary Fresnel volumes and interface Fresnel zones of transmitted and head waves are studied. The relation derived for transmitted waves may also be used for converted reflected waves. Considerable attention is devoted to the penetration of Fresnel volumes across structural interfaces, particularly for head waves.  相似文献