Chemical evolution of groundwater in the Wilcox aquifer of the northern Gulf Coastal Plain,USA     

Estifanos Haile  Alan E. Fryar 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(8):2403-2418

The Wilcox aquifer is a major groundwater resource in the northern Gulf Coastal Plain (lower Mississippi Valley) of the USA, yet the processes controlling water chemistry in this clastic aquifer have received relatively little attention. The current study combines analyses of solutes and stable isotopes in groundwater, petrography of core samples, and geochemical modeling to identify plausible reactions along a regional flow path ～300 km long. The hydrochemical facies evolves from Ca-HCO₃ upgradient to Na-HCO₃ downgradient, with a sequential zonation of terminal electron-accepting processes from Fe(III) reduction through SO₄ ^2? reduction to methanogenesis. In particular, decreasing SO₄ ^2? and increasing δ³⁴S of SO₄ ^2? along the flow path, as well as observations of authigenic pyrite in core samples, provide evidence of SO₄ ^2? reduction. Values of δ¹³C in groundwater suggest that dissolved inorganic carbon is contributed both by oxidation of sedimentary organic matter and calcite dissolution. Inverse modeling identified multiple plausible sets of reactions between sampled wells, which typically involved cation exchange, pyrite precipitation, CH₂O oxidation, and dissolution of amorphous Fe(OH)₃, calcite, or siderite. These reactions are consistent with processes identified in previous studies of Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifers. Contrasts in groundwater chemistry between the Wilcox and the underlying McNairy and overlying Claiborne aquifers indicate that confining units are relatively effective in limiting cross-formational flow, but localized cross-formational mixing could occur via fault zones. Consequently, increased pumping in the vicinity of fault zones could facilitate upward movement of saline water into the Wilcox.  相似文献   

The environmental significance of the remobilisation of ancient mass movements in the Atbara–Tekeze headwaters, Northern Ethiopia     

Jan Nyssen  Jan Moeyersons  Jean Poesen  Jozef Deckers  Mitiku Haile 《Geomorphology》2003,49(3-4):303-322

Old landslides are prominent features in the landscape around Hagere Selam, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. The available evidence suggests their Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene age and conditions of soil humidity. The affected geological layers, often silicified lacustrine deposits prone to sliding, rest upon or above the water holding Amba Aradam sandstone aquifer.Three examples of present-day (remobilisation of old) mass movements are illustrated and discussed. The aims of the study were to unravel the environmental conditions of the present-day remobilisation of ancient flows, as well as those of first-time landslides. The first two mass movements discussed are slumps, located in areas with vigorous regeneration of (grassy) vegetation. Their activation is thought to be the consequence of an increase in infiltration capacity of the soils under regenerating vegetation. One of these slumps had a horizontal movement of the order of 10–20 m in 1 day.The other case is the remobilisation of the May Ntebteb debris flow below the Amba Aradam sandstone cliff. The debris flow presently creeps downslope at a rate of 3–6 cm year⁻¹. Palynological evidence from tufa shows that the reactivation of the flow started 70 years ago. Shear resistance measurements indicate the danger for continuous or prefailure creep. From the soil mechanics point of view, the reactivation of the debris flow is due to the combination of two factors: (1) the reduction of flow confining pressures as a result of gully incision over the last hundred years, and (2) the increase of seepage pressure as a consequence of the cumulative effect of this incision and the increase in infiltration rates on the lobe since grazing and woodcutting have been prohibited 8 years ago. The role of such exclosures as possible landslide triggers is discussed.From the geomorphological point of view, the ancient movements and their present-day reactivation cannot be compared: the ancient movements led to the development of debris flows, whereas the reactivations relate to the dissection of these mass movement deposits.  相似文献   

A Back-arc Palaeotectonic Setting for the Augaro Neoproterozoic Magmatic Rocks of Western Eritrea     

M. Teklay  T. Haile  A. Krner  Y. Asmerom  J. Watson 《Gondwana Research》2003,6(4):629-640

The Augaro volcano-sedimentary assemblages of western Eritrea are part of the Neoproterozoic, N-S trending belt of low-grade volcano-sedimentary and associated plutonic rocks. In contrast to the volcanic-dominated oceanic-arc assemblages in central Eritrea, the predominant rock types in the west are supracrustal sequences of sedimentary origin with subordinate volcanic rocks. These Augaro supracrustal rocks are overlain, unconformably, by a basin-fill metasedimentary succession known as the Gulgula Group. The Augaro metavolcanic rocks are tholeiitic and range in composition from basalt to basaltic andesite. Comparison of trace element characteristics and N-MORB-normalised spidergrams of these rocks with those of modern volcanic environments and age-comparable metavolcanic rocks of known tectonic association from the Arabian-Nubian Shield suggest that the volcanic assemblages from western Eritrea were generated in a back-arc tectonic setting.

Single zircon Pb-Pb evaporation and vapour-transfer U-Pb analyses of magmatic zircons from pre/syn-tectonic granites yield a mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 849±20 Ma and an upper concordia intercept age of 849±26 Ma. These ages are interpreted to represent the time of major magmatism in western Eritrea and are comparable to ages of early arc magmatism in central and northern Eritrea and in the southern Nubian Shield. Initial eNd values and initial Sr isotope ratios of whole-rock samples of magmatic rocks calculated for an age of 850 Ma range from +4.0 to +7.1 and 0.7026 to 0.7037, respectively. Single zircon ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages, initial eNd value and Sr isotope ratio for a granitic clast in the Gulgula metaconglomerate suggest that the source area for the Gulgula metasedimentary rocks is similar to the surrounding Neoproterozoic rocks of western Eritrea.  相似文献   

GRAPES_GFS 2.0模式非系统误差评估          下载免费PDF全文

张萌  于海鹏  黄建平  沈学顺  苏勇  薛海乐  窦宝成 《应用气象学报》2019,30(3):332-344

选取2014年1月、4月、7月、10月的GRAPES_GFS 2.0预报产品和对应时刻的NCEP FNL分析资料进行对比。从时间演变看,南、北半球的非系统误差均在各自冬季达到极盛,误差呈现周期性变化规律。位势高度场的非系统误差随时间演变先呈指数增长,后呈线性增长,温度场和纬向风场的误差则近似于线性增长。从空间分布看,GRAPES_GFS 2.0的非系统误差大值主要分布在中高纬度地区,呈条带状分布,误差大值区域基本不随预报时效的变化而发生变化;位势高度场和纬向风场的误差大值区出现在对流层顶附近,而温度场的误差大值区则出现在边界层顶附近。将误差增长曲线参数化拟合后发现,南半球的初始场误差、可预报上限和初始场误差占比均高于北半球,随离地高度增加初始场误差占比逐渐减小。  相似文献   

On the difference between “exclosures” and “enclosures” in ecology and the environment     

R. Aerts  J. Nyssen  M. Haile 《Journal of Arid Environments》2009,73(8):762-763

  相似文献   

Spatial patterns of old, deep-seated landslides: A case-study in the northern Ethiopian highlands   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Van Den Eeckhaut  J. Moeyersons  J. Nyssen  Amanuel Abraha  J. Poesen  Mitiku Haile  J. Deckers 《Geomorphology》2009,105(3-4):239-252

During the last decade, slope failures were reported in a 500 km² study area in the Geba–Werei catchment, northern Ethiopia, a region where landslides were not considered an important hazard before. Field observations, however, revealed that many of the failures were actually reactivations of old deep-seated landslides after land use changes. Therefore, this study was conducted (1) to explore the importance of environmental factors controlling landslide occurrence and (2) to estimate future landslide susceptibility. A landslide inventory map of the study area derived from aerial photograph interpretation and field checks shows the location of 57 landslides and six zones with multiple landslides, mainly complex slides and debris flows. In total 14.8% of the area is affected by an old landslide. For the landslide susceptibility modelling, weights of evidence (WofE), was applied and five different models were produced. After comparison of the models and spatial validation using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves and Kappa values, a model combining data on elevation, hillslope gradient, aspect, geology and distance to faults was selected. This model confirmed our hypothesis that deep-seated landslides are located on hillslopes with a moderate slope gradient (i.e. 5°–13°). The depletion areas are expected on and along the border of plateaus where weathered basalts rich in smectite clays are found, and the landslide debris is expected to accumulate on the Amba Aradam sandstone and upper Antalo limestone. As future landslides are believed to occur on inherently unstable hillslopes similar to those where deep-seated landslides occurred, the classified landslide susceptibility map allows delineating zones where human interventions decreasing slope stability might cause slope failures. The results obtained demonstrate that the applied methodology could be used in similar areas where information on the location of landslides is essential for present-day hazard analysis.  相似文献   

Aquatic plant nutrients, moss phosphatase activities and tissue composition in four upland streams in northern England     

N.T.W. Ellwood  S.M. Haile  B.A. Whitton 《Journal of Hydrology》2008,350(3-4):246-260

A study was made of the water chemistry, tissue nutrients and surface phosphatase activities of the 2-cm apices of three mosses in four upland streams in northern England, UK. This was part of a project to optimize methods for assessing nutrient fractions in environments with highly variable water chemistry. Aqueous N and P fractions showed the greatest variability followed by moss phosphatase activities, with nutrient composition of the shoot apices the least variable. There was no consistent pattern as to which aqueous N or P fraction was the most variable. The ratio between total inorganic N and total filtrable P ranged over three orders of magnitude in some streams. The interrelations between tissue N and P concentrations, tissue N:P ratio, phosphatase activities and aqueous variables showed:

(1) Significant +ve relationship between tissue N and aqueous NO₃–N in some populations, but not between tissue P and aqueous P concentration;

(2) Significant +ve relationships between phosphatase activities and aqueous organic N, but none with aqueous organic P;

(3) Significant +ve relationships between phosphodiesterase:phosphomonoesterase activities and aqueous organic N;

(4) Significant −ve relationships between phosphatase activities and tissue P concentration;

(5) Significant +ve relationships between phosphatase activities and tissue N:P.

Both types of biological measurement are valuable for monitoring ambient nutrients in upland streams. Neither is clearly better than the other, so both should be included in surveys.  相似文献   

Changes in water availability in the Upper Blue Nile basin under the representative concentration pathways scenario     

Alemseged Tamiru Haile  Ashenafi Lekasa Akawka  Beza Berhanu  Tom Rientjes 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(13):2139-2149

Climatic and hydrological changes will likely be intensified in the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) basin by the effects of global warming. The extent of such effects for representative concentration pathways (RCP) climate scenarios is unknown. We evaluated projected changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration and related impacts on water availability in the UBN under the RCP4.5 scenario. We used dynamically downscaled outputs from six global circulation models (GCMs) with unprecedented spatial resolution for the UBN. Systematic errors of these outputs were corrected and followed by runoff modelling by the HBV (Hydrologiska ByrånsVattenbalansavdelning) model, which was successfully validated for 17 catchments. Results show that the UBN annual rainfall amount will change by ?2.8 to 2.7% with a likely increase in annual potential evapotranspiration (in 2041–2070) for the RCP4.5 scenario. These changes are season dependent and will result in a likely decline in streamflow and an increase in soil moisture deficit in the basin.  相似文献   

论水生野生动物的主动保护与被动保护     

杨海乐  危起伟 《湖泊科学》2021,33(1):1-10

三十多年来,人们对水生野生动物保护中的保护地建设、迁地保护、人工保种、人工驯养、人工繁育、人工养殖、增殖放流、生态修复等保护方式一直存在着激烈的争论.这反映了人们对水生野生动物保护目标、保护方式认识不一致甚至对立的问题,而其根本在于缺乏一个能够适应水生野生动物保护需求和特征的理论话语体系.本文基于对水生野生动物保护目标认知和设置的差异,基于对水生野生动物保护中人工干预方式的差异,尝试以“物种保护与生态保护”、“主动保护与被动保护”两个维度为框架建立水生野生动物保护的理论话语体系,然后着重分析水生野生动物物种保护中的主动保护与被动保护的状况与成效,指出部分水生野生动物保护地由于其整体生态格局已被改变或依然处于恶化的趋势中,并且无法避免人类活动的干扰和影响,导致了相应水生野生动物的就地保护效果不理想,而获得足够主动保护努力介入的物种在获得人工保种、人工繁育、人工养殖之后,其物种灭绝的风险已基本解除,甚至部分已野外绝迹物种还存在野外种群重建的机会.而后,以长江三种鲟鱼的保护和效果为例,对比展示了主动保护对于水生野生动物保护的必要性.建议就水生野生动物保护而言,在不遗余力抓保护地建设等被动保护的同时,更要积极地推动人工繁育、人工养殖等主动保护来对物种兜底.  相似文献   

Land-use/cover changes in relation to stream dynamics in a marginal graben along the northern Ethiopian Rift Valley     

Biadgilgn Demissie  Jan Nyssen  Paolo Billi  Mitiku Haile  Veerle Vaneetvelde  Amaury Frankl 《自然地理学》2019,40(1):71-90

This paper investigates land-use/cover changes related to river dynamics in northern Ethiopia. Aerial photographs from 1965 to 1986, and SPOT images of 2007 and 2014 were used to extract land units. Land-use/cover changes took place in 48% of the entire landscape around the river across the last five decades. Changes related to swap accounted for 37%, whereas net changes accounted for 11%. The most systematic transitions in terms of gain were from shrubland to farmland, alluvial deposit to settlement, and alluvial deposit to active channel and settlement. Most of these transitions were related to the river dynamics and depict cyclic transitions: farmland → active channel → alluvial deposits → grassland/shrubland → farmland. Human interventions and natural vegetation succession were also very important. The study concludes that river systems have considerable impact on livelihood and need attention in land management undertakings in graben bottoms.  相似文献