The whaling issue: Conservation,confusion, and casuistry     

Phillip J. Clapham  Simon Childerhouse  Nicolas J. Gales  Lorenzo Rojas-Bracho  Michael F. Tillman  Robert L. Brownell Jr. 《Marine Policy》2007

Morishita's “multiple analysis” of the whaling issue [Morishita J. Multiple analysis of the whaling issue: Understanding the dispute by a matrix. Marine Policy 2006;30:802–8] is essentially a restatement of the Government of Japan's whaling policy, which confuses the issue through selective use of data, unsubstantiated facts, and the vilification of opposing perspectives. Here, we deconstruct the major problems with Morishita's article and provide an alternative view of the whaling dispute. For many people in this debate, the issue is not that some whales are not abundant, but that the whaling industry cannot be trusted to regulate itself or to honestly assess the status of potentially exploitable populations. This suspicion has its origin in Japan's poor use of science, its often implausible stock assessments, its insistence that culling is an appropriate way to manage marine mammal populations, and its relatively recent falsification of whaling and fisheries catch data combined with a refusal to accept true transparency in catch and market monitoring. Japanese policy on whaling cannot be viewed in isolation, but is part of a larger framework involving a perceived right to secure unlimited access to global marine resources. Whaling is inextricably tied to the international fisheries agreements on which Japan is strongly dependent; thus, concessions made at the IWC would have potentially serious ramifications in other fora.  相似文献   

Modelling bathymetry by inverting satellite altimetry data: A review   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Stephane Calmant  Nicolas Baudry 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(2-4):123-134

With the advent of satellite altimetry it has become possible to determine the gravity field of the oceans on a global scale. This set of data can be used to predict the bathymetry of deep-seafloor features such as seamounts and ridges. During the last two decades, several algorithms which can be used to develop bathymetric predictions from satellite altimeter data have been published. The characteristics and quality of these algorithms are reviewed in this study. Based on this analysis, we suggest some guidelines for processing data towards the production of maps showing predicted bathymetry for economical purposes.  相似文献   

Spatial considerations for the Dakhla stock of Octopus vulgaris: indicators, patterns, and fisheries interactions     

Faraj  Abdelmalek; Bez  Nicolas 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(9):1820-1828

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The Role of Laser Ranging for Calibrating Jason-1: The Corsica Tracking Campaign     

Pierre Exertier  Joë  lle Nicolas  Philippe Berio  David Coulot  Pascal Bonnefond  Olivier Laurain 《Marine Geodesy》2004,27(1):333-340

The French Transportable Laser Ranging System (FTLRS), a highly transportable Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) instrument, was set up in Corsica (from January to September 2002) for participating to the JASON-1 altimeter verification phase. In addition to the tracking of oceanographic satellite missions and in order to perform an accurate positioning, the FTLRS also acquired laser ranging data on geodetic satellites, STARLETTE and STELLA essentially.

The paper describes the analysis strategy mainly based on the use of a short-arc orbit technique to compute accurate 1 cm local orbits, and then the geocentric positioning (2-3 mm relative to GPS). Finally, we established the JASON-1 absolute calibration value, based on 9 SLR short-arcs (between cycles 1 and 26), at 108.2 ± 8.7 mm; the 10-day repeatability is of 26.1 mm showing that a great accuracy has been reached.  相似文献   

A review of present techniques and methodological advances in analyzing Th in aquatic systems     

Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff  Manmohan M. Sarin  Mark Baskaran  Claudia Benitez-Nelson  Ken O. Buesseler  Matt Charette  Minhan Dai   rjan Gustafsson  Pere Masque  Paul J. Morris  Kent Orlandini  Alessia Rodriguez y Baena  Nicolas Savoye  Sabine Schmidt  Robert Turnewitsch  Ingrid Vge  James T. Waples 《Marine Chemistry》2006,100(3-4):190

The short-lived thorium isotope ²³⁴Th (half-life 24.1 days) has been used as a tracer for a variety of transport processes in aquatic systems. Its use as a tracer of oceanic export via sinking particles has stimulated a rapidly increasing number of studies that require analyses of ²³⁴Th in both marine and freshwater systems. The original ²³⁴Th method is labor intensive. Thus, there has been a quest for simpler techniques that require smaller sample volumes. Here, we review current methodologies in the collection and analysis of ²³⁴Th from the water column, discuss their individual strengths and weaknesses, and provide an outlook on possible further improvements and future challenges. Also included in this review are recommendations on calibration procedures and the production of standard reference materials as well as a flow chart designed to help researchers find the most appropriate ²³⁴Th analytical technique for a specific aquatic regime and known sampling constraints.  相似文献   

Comment on “dating the geologic history of Oman’s Semail ophiolite: insights from U–Pb geochronology” by C. J. Warren,R. R. Parrish,D. J. Waters and M. P. Searle     

Françoise Boudier  Adolphe Nicolas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(1):111-113

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Natural speciation of Ni, Zn, Ba, and As in ferromanganese coatings on quartz using X-ray fluorescence, absorption, and diffraction     

Alain Manceau  Martine Lanson  Nicolas Geoffroy 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(1):95-128

The mineralogy of natural ferromanganese coatings on quartz grains and the crystal chemistry of associated trace elements Ni, Zn, Ba, and As were characterized by X-ray microfluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and EXAFS spectroscopy. Fe is speciated as ferrihydrite and Mn as vernadite. The two oxides form alternating Fe- and Mn-rich layers that are irregularly distributed and not always continuous. Unlike naturally abundant Fe-vernadite, in which Fe and Mn are mixed at the nanoscale, the ferrihydrite and vernadite are physically segregated and the trace elements clearly partitioned at the microscopic scale. Vernadite consists of two populations of interstratified one-water layer (7 Å phyllomanganate) and two-water layer (10 Å phyllomanganate) crystallites. In one population, 7 Å layers dominate, and in the other 10 Å layers dominate. The three trace metals Ni, Zn, and Ba are associated with vernadite and the metalloid As with ferrihydrite. In vernadite, nickel is both substituted isomorphically for Mn in the manganese layer and sorbed at vacant Mn layer sites in the interlayer. The partitioning of Ni is pH-dependent, with a strong preference for the first site at circumneutral pH and for the second at acidic pH. Thus, the site occupancy of Ni in vernadite may be an indicator of marine vs. continental origin, and in the latter, of the acidity of streams, lakes, or soil pore waters in which the vernadite formed. Zinc is sorbed only in the interlayer at vacant Mn layer sites. It is fully tetrahedral at a Zn/Mn molar ratio of 0.0138, and partly octahedral at a Zn/Mn ratio of 0.1036 consistent with experimental studies showing that the ^VIZn/^IVZn ratio increases with Zn loading. Barium is sorbed in a slightly offset position above empty tetrahedral cavities in the interlayer. Arsenic tetrahedra are retained at the ferrihydrite surface by a bidentate-binuclear attachment to two adjacent iron octahedra, as commonly observed. Trace elements in ferromanganese precipitates are partitioned at a few, well-defined, crystallographic sites that have some elemental specificity, and thus selectivity. The relative diversity of sorption sites contrasts with the simplicity of the layer structure of vernadite, in which charge deficit arises only from Mn⁴⁺ vacancies (i.e., no Mn³⁺ for Mn⁴⁺ substitution). Therefore, sorption mechanisms primarily depend on physical and chemical properties of the sorbate and competition with other ions in solution, such as protons at low pH for Ni sorption.  相似文献   

Equity implications of marketing ecosystem services in protected areas and rural communities: Case studies from Meso-America     

Esteve Corbera  Nicolas Kosoy  Miguel Martínez Tuna 《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):365-380

This paper investigates the equity implications of marketing ecosystem services in protected areas and rural communities. We use a three-tiered equity framework to analyse four distinct efforts to commercialise watershed recharge and carbon dioxide fixation by forests in Meso-America. We show that project development and participation are strongly mediated by organisational networks, as well as existing rights of access over land and forest resources. We demonstrate that procedural fairness diverges strongly when initiatives are implemented in protected areas or in rural communities. While in the former reserve managers and intermediaries concentrate all decision-making power, initiatives working with rural communities are able to integrate more significantly service providers in management decisions. Marketing ecosystem services in protected areas contributes to reduce expenditure rates for protected area management, but also results in less equitable outcomes, as rural communities and forest resource users become excluded from receiving sustained development benefits. When ecosystem services are commercialised by rural farmers, payments do not cover opportunity costs but act as a significant incentive for participation in most cases. Ecosystem service providers also benefit from complementary project activities, such as forest management training and agricultural extension support. We argue that limited economic impact and existing inequities in decision-making and outcomes can be explained by problems of institutional design, in particular the inability of markets and payments for ecosystem services to account for context-related factors, such as property rights.  相似文献   

Maximum entropy regularization of time-dependent geomagnetic field models     

Nicolas Gillet  rew Jackson  Christopher C. Finlay 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(3):1005-1016

We incorporate a maximum entropy image reconstruction technique into the process of modelling the time-dependent geomagnetic field at the core–mantle boundary (CMB). In order to deal with unconstrained small lengthscales in the process of inverting the data, some core field models are regularized using a priori quadratic norms in both space and time. This artificial damping leads to the underestimation of power at large wavenumbers, and to a loss of contrast in the reconstructed picture of the field at the CMB. The entropy norm, recently introduced to regularize magnetic field maps, provides models with better contrast, and involves a minimum of a priori information about the field structure. However, this technique was developed to build only snapshots of the magnetic field. Previously described in the spatial domain, we show here how to implement this technique in the spherical harmonic domain, and we extend it to the time-dependent problem where both spatial and temporal regularizations are required. We apply our method to model the field over the interval 1840–1990 from a compilation of historical observations. Applying the maximum entropy method in space—for a fit to the data similar to that obtained with a quadratic regularization—effectively reorganizes the magnetic field lines in order to have a map with better contrast. This is associated with a less rapidly decaying spectrum at large wavenumbers. Applying the maximum entropy method in time permits us to model sharper temporal changes, associated with larger spatial gradients in the secular variation, without producing spurious fluctuations on short timescales. This method avoids the smearing back in time of field features that are not constrained by the data. Perspectives concerning future applications of the method are also discussed.  相似文献   

Fault interactions in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nicolas Pondard  Rolando Armijo  Geoffrey C. P. King  Bertrand Meyer  Frédéric Flerit 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(3):1185-1197

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