Integrated remote sensing and GIS for surface water development. Case study: Ras El Hekma area, northwestern coast of Egypt   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mohamed Yousif  Olaf Bubenzer 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(4):1295-1306

The surface water development can help to address the growing demand for water resources and the effects of stormwater flooding on the local environment. The study area was chosen according to its special conditions where it represents one of the main headlands along the southern Mediterranean coast and receives amount of rainfall during the winter season. The main objective of this paper is to monitor and record data about the current surface water status as well as to have a systematic understanding of the water resources base in the study area, and this assessment will contribute in the exploitation of the surface water. The current research is integration between geomorphology, geology, remote sensing, and the applications of geographical information system. The total amount of annual rainfall and surface runoff are estimated (annual rainfall is 23.345 million m³ and surface runoff is 1.167 million m³). On the other hand, the surface runoff which has been resulted from one event (storm) is also estimated to be 483,000 m³/day. The present study introduce some recommendations; the cisterns should be established in the vicinities of the watersheds and on the downstream of the drainage basins to store water before draining to the sea, the dug should be in oolitic limestone to reduce drilling costs, the water reservoirs should be established to store large amount of surface water (from 2,000 to 3,000 m³). Dams are necessary to protect the agriculture activities from any flash hazard which is expected any time.  相似文献   

Broad-band calibration of marine seismic sources used by R/V Polarstern for academic research in polar regions     

Monika Breitzke  Olaf Boebel  Saad El Naggar  Wilfried Jokat  Berthold Werner 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(2):505-524

Air guns and air-gun arrays of different volumes are used for scientific seismic surveys with R/V Polarstern in polar regions. To assess the potential risk of these research activities on marine mammal populations, knowledge of the sound pressure field of the seismic sources is essential. Therefore, a broad-band (0–80 kHz) calibration study was conducted at the Heggernes Acoustic Range, Norway. A GI (2.4 l), a G (8.5 l) and a Bolt gun (32.8 l) were deployed as single sources, 3 GI (7.4 l), 3 G (25.6 l) and 8 VLF™ Prakla-Seismos air guns (24.0 l) as arrays. Each configuration was fired along a line of 3–4 km length running between two hydrophone chains with receivers in 35, 100, 198 and 263 m depth. Peak-to-peak, zero-to-peak, rms and sound exposure levels (SEL) were analysed as functions of range. They show the typical dipole-like directivity of marine seismic sources with amplitude cancellation close to the sea surface, higher amplitudes in greater depths, and sound pressure levels which continuously decrease with range. Levels recorded during the approach are lower than during the departure indicating a shadowing effect of Polarsterns's hull. Backcalculated zero-to-peak source levels range from 224–240 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m. Spectral source levels are highest below 100 Hz and amount to 182–194 dB re 1 μPa Hz^–1. They drop off continuously with range and frequency. At 1 kHz they are ∼30 dB, at 80 kHz ∼60 dB lower than the peak level. Above 1 kHz amplitude spectra are dominated by Polarstern's self-noise. From the rms and sound exposure levels of the deepest hydrophone radii for different thresholds are derived. For a 180 dB rms-level threshold radii maximally vary between 200 and 600 m, for a 186 dB SEL threshold between 50 and 300 m.  相似文献   

Comparison of Phytoscreening and Direct‐Push‐Based Site Investigation at a Rural Megasite Contaminated with Chlorinated Ethenes          下载免费PDF全文

Arno Rein  Olaf Holm  Stefan Trapp  Steffen Popp‐Hofmann  Martin Bittens  Carsten Leven  Peter Dietrich 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2015,35(4):45-56

The reliable characterization of subsurface contamination of spatially extended contaminated sites is a challenging task, especially with an unknown history of land use. Conventional technologies often fail due to temporal and financial constraints and thus hinder the redevelopment of abandoned areas in particular. Here we compare two site screening techniques that can be applied quickly at relatively low cost, namely Direct Push (DP)‐based groundwater sampling and tree core sampling. The effectiveness of both methods is compared for a rural megasite contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Unexpected pollution hot spots could be identified using both of these methods, while tree coring even enabled the delineation of the contaminant plume flowing into an adjacent wetland inaccessible for DP units. Both methods showed a good agreement in revealing the spatial pattern of the contamination. The correlation between groundwater concentrations and equivalent concentrations in wood was linear and highly significant for trichloroethene. Correlation was less obvious for its metabolite cis‐dichloroethene, but still significant. As outcome of our study we recommend tree coring and for initial screening in combination with a DP sampling to retrieve quantitative data on groundwater pollutants in order to assess the contamination situation of a non‐ or only partly investigated site. The subsequent placement of monitoring wells for long‐term monitoring of contamination levels is recommended. A combination of methods would achieve more relevant information at comparable or possibly even lower efforts in comparison to a conventional site investigation.  相似文献   

Hydromechanical modelling of the SEALEX experiments     

Haiyang Yi  Wenqing Wang  Olaf Kolditz  Hua Shao  Hongwei Zhou 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(21):737

Numerical modelling of coupled physical processes in bentonite–sand mixtures under the geological conditions is significant for designing and constructing sealing systems in deep underground repositories for highly radioactive nuclear waste. Within the framework of DECOVALEX 2015, Task A, this work presents the model validation of OpenGeoSys by numerical modelling of coupled hydromechanical (HM) processes in bentonite–sand mixtures. Parameters used in the HM model were determined by modelling the laboratory tests of the sealing experiment (SEALEX). Afterwards these parameters were applied for the modelling of a small-scale mock-up test considering the influence of technological gap and incidental fail of the seal in the sealing system. In order to investigate the availability of employing these HM parameters and numerical models directly to field predictions, the modelling results and measured data of an in situ SEALEX experiment were analysed comparatively. The modelling results reproduced well the main features in HM behaviour of the compacted bentonite–sand mixture, which denotes that the adopted HM models and parameters are adequate for describing the HM processes in the sealing system. It is necessary to take the elastoplastic behaviour and evolution of the permeability of bentonite–sand mixtures into account when using the adopted models to reproduce the HM processes of a sealing system.  相似文献   

A ~4500 yr record of river floods obtained from a sediment core in Lake Atnsjøen, eastern Norway     

Atle Nesje  Svein Olaf Dahl  John A. Matthews  Mark S. Berrisford 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(3):329-342

To extend the historical record of river floods in southern Norway, a 572-cm long sediment core was retrieved from 42 m water depth in Atnsjøen, eastern Norway. The sediment core contains 30 light gray clastic sediment layers interpreted to have been deposited during river floods in the snow/ice free season. In the upper 123 cm of the core, four prominent flood layers occur. The youngest of these overlap with the historical record. The thickest (flood layer 5) possibly reflects a general increase in river-flood activity as a result of the post-Medieval climate deterioration (lower air temperatures, thicker and more long-lasting snow cover, and more frequent rain/snow storms) associated with the Little Ice Age. The most pronounced pre-historic flood layers in the core were, according to an age model based on linear regression between eleven bulk AMS radiocarbon dates, deposited around 4135, 3770, 3635, 3470, 3345, 2690, 2595, 2455, 2415, 2255, 2230, 2150, 2120, 1870, 1815, 1665, 1640, 1480, 1400, 1380, 1290, 935, 885, 670, 655 and 435 cal. BP (BP = AD 1950). The mean return period of the river flood layers is, according to the linear regression age model, ~ 150 ± 30 cal. yr (mean ± 1 S.E.).  相似文献   

Nachweis von Vulkanismus in Sedimenten der Unter- und Oberkreide in Norddeutschland     

Dr. Olaf Brockamp 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1976,65(1):162-174

Zusammenfassung In Kreidesedimenten Norddeutschlands wird vom Apt an eine hohe Montmorillonitführung beobachtet. Während z. B. in der Fraktion < 0,63 des Barreme nur 5% Montmorillonit nachgewiesen wurden, steigt der Montmorillonitgehalt von 20% im Apt über 50% im Alb auf 70% im Santon an. Dieser Montmorillonit ist im wesentlichen ein Umwandlungsprodukt basischer, vulkanischer Tuffe, wie Reste vulkanischen Glases mit einer Lichtbrechung bis zu 1,6 beweisen. Dabei scheint die Tuffzufuhr im wesentlichen untermeerisch erfolgt zu sein. Der Vulkanismus selber tritt zum ersten Mal in Verbindung mit tektonischer Tätigkeit in der oberen Unterkreide auf. Er ist also eng mit der geologischen und tektonischen Entwicklung dieses Raumes verbunden.Bei chemischen Untersuchungen zeigte sich in Übereinstimmung mit dem tonmineralogischen Wechsel eine Veränderung in der Konzentration einiger Elemente. So nimmt z B. der Al₂O₃- und der K₂O-Gehalt ab, der MgO- und Fe₂O₃-Gehalt dagegen zu. Zum Beispiel beträgt die Fe₂O₃-Konzentration im Barreme 5,8%, im Alb aber 8,7%. Die Anreicherung des Eisens im Alb, möglicherweise eine Folge der vulkanischen Tätigkeit, könnte die Bildung von zahlreichen Fe-Geoden in diesen Sedimenten gefördert haben. Aus diesen Geoden sind dann während der senonen Transgression die Eisenerze der Oberkreide bei Peine entstanden.

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High montmorillonite contents have been observed at the beginning of the Aptian age (lower cretaceous) in cretaceous sediments from Northern Germany. In the < 0.63 fraction the montmorillonite content is 5% in the Barremian, which is under the Aptian, and increases from 20% in the Aptian to over 50% in the Albian to 70% in the Santonian (upper cretaceous). These montmorillonite rich sediments contain fragments of volcanic glass with a refractive index of up to 1.6, indicating that they were partly derived from alteration of intermediate to basic volcanic material. The volcanism is thought to be of submarine origin and the first volcanic activity seems to be contemporaneous with the beginning of the tectonic deformation of lower cretaceous sediments.In addition to the marked changes in clay mineralogy, the Al₂O₃ and K₂O contents decrease whereas the MgO and Fe₂O₃ contents increase. For example the Barremian has 5.8% Fe₂O₃ whereas the Albian has 8.7% Fe₂O₃. This high Fe concentration, perhaps from volcanic activity, may have influenced the formation of the large number of Fe-geodes in the Albian. These geodes were eroded and redeposited during the Senonian transgression and formed the Fe ore deposit of the upper cretaceous near the town of Peine.

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Résumé Les sédiments crétaciques de l'Allemagne septentrionale ont un contenu élevé en montmorillonite à partir de l'Aptien. Tandis que dans le Barrémien, par exemple, la fraction inférieure à 0,63 ne continent que 5% de montmorillonite, sa teneure monte de 20% dans l'Aptien à plus de 50% dans l'Albien, et jusqu'à 70% dans le Santonien. Cette montmorillonite est essentiellement un produit de la transformation de tufs volcaniques basiques, ainsi que le montrent des résidus de verre volcaniques d'indice de réfraction allant jusque 1,6. Il semble donc que l'apport tuffique se soit produit essentiellement en milieu marin. Le volcanisme lui-même s'est produit pour la première fois en relation avec une activité tectonique à la fin du Crétacique inférieur. Il est donc ainsi en étroite relation avec le développement géologique et tectonique de cette région. - Les recherches chimiques montrent la concordance entre le changement dans la minéralogie argileuse et la modification dans la concentration de quelques éléments. C'est ainsi que par ex. la diminution de la teneur en Al₂O₃ s'accompagne de l'augmentation de la teneur en MgO et Fe₂O₃. Sie par ex., la concentration en Fe₂O₃ dans le Barrémien est de 5,8%, elle est dans l'Albien de 8,7%. L'enrichissement du fer dans l'Albien, conséquence possible de l'activité volcanique, pourrait avoir conduit à la formation de nombreuses géodes à base de fer dans ces sédiments. C'est à partir de ces géodes que se seraient formés au cours de la transgression sénonienne les minerais de fer du Crétacique supérieur près de Peine.

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. .: < 0,63 5 % , 20 % , 50 % 70 % . . . , 1,6. , . . . . .: l₂₃ K₂ , MgO Fe₂O₃ . .: Fe₂O₃ 5,8»/ 8,7 %. , , , , . .

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Multiproxy approach to understanding the origin of Cretaceous pelagic limestone–marl alternations (DSDP site 391, Blake-Bahama Basin)     

Hildegard Westphal  Axel Munnecke†  Jörg Pross‡  Jens Olaf Herrle‡ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(1):109-126

Limestone–marl alternations are usually directly interpreted to reflect cyclic palaeoenvironmental signals. However, uncertainty in such interpretations stems from the differential diagenesis that most limestone–marl alternations have undergone. Differential diagenesis results in markedly different alterations between limestones and marls and in the loss of comparability of many measurable parameters. For an unequivocal interpretation of the origin of rhythmic alternations, diagenetically robust parameters or parameters that clearly indicate the degree of diagenetic bias are required. The present study uses a multiproxy approach (independent biotic, sedimentary and geochemical parameters) in order to unravel the palaeoenvironmental signal recorded in Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) limestone–marl alternations from the Blake‐Bahama Basin (DSDP site 391). Using this approach, terrestrial and marine influences can be distinguished, changes in nutrient levels estimated and prediagenetic differences in the non‐carbonate fraction constrained. Surprisingly, no systematic variations in any of these parameters were observed between limestone and marl layers, implying that none of these was directly responsible for the formation of the rhythmic alternation. Hence, none of the current models of sedimentary formation of limestone–marl rhythmites is applicable here. Calcareous nannofossils are equally well preserved in limestone and marl layers, ruling out their dissolution in marl layers as a source of the calcite cement in the limestone beds. Sr values of 700–900 p.p.m. indicate that aragonite may have been present in the original, pelagic sediment. The assumption of fine‐grained sedimentary aragonite imported from nearby carbonate platforms as the source of the cement would explain a number of otherwise enigmatic features in these rhythmites, including the source of the calcite cement observed in the limestones, the equally good preservation of calcareous nannofossils in limestones and marls and the higher concentration of calcareous nannofossils in marl layers. The study demonstrates that examination of diagenetically inert parameters or parameters in which diagenetic effects can be filtered can yield unexpected results. Clearly, careful analysis of such parameters needs to be undertaken in order to make reliable palaeoenvironmental interpretations from rhythmite successions.  相似文献   

Climate forcing due to the 8200 cal yr BP event observed at Early Neolithic sites in the eastern Mediterranean     

Bernhard Weninger  Eva Alram-Stern  Eva Bauer  Lee Clare  Uwe Danzeglocke  Olaf Jris  Claudia Kubatzki  Gary Rollefson  Henrieta Todorova  Tjeerd van Andel 《Quaternary Research》2006,66(3):401-420

We explore the hypothesis that the abrupt drainage of Laurentide lakes and associated rapid switch of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation 8200 yr ago had a catastrophic influence on Neolithic civilisation in large parts of southeastern Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus, and the Near East. The event at 8200 cal yr BP is observed in a large number of high-resolution climate proxies in the Northern Hemisphere, and in many cases corresponds to markedly cold and arid conditions. We identify the relevant archaeological levels of major Neolithic settlements in Central Anatolia, Cyprus, Greece and Bulgaria, and examine published stratigraphic, architectural, cultural and geoarchaeological studies for these sites. The specific archaeological events and processes we observe at a number of these sites during the study interval 8400–8000 cal yr BP lead us to refine some previously established Neolithisation models. The introduction of farming to South-East Europe occurs in all study regions (Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Bulgaria) near 8200 cal yr BP. We observe major disruptions of Neolithic cultures in the Levant, North Syria, South-East Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Cyprus, at the same time. We conclude that the 8200 cal yr BP aridity event triggered the spread of early farmers, by different routes, out of West Asia and the Near East into Greece and Bulgaria.  相似文献   

Geometric modelling and object-oriented software concepts applied to a heterogeneous fractured network from the Grimsel rock laboratory   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Thomas Kalbacher  Ralph Mettier  Chris McDermott  Wenqing Wang  Georg Kosakowski  Takeo Taniguchi  Olaf Kolditz 《Computational Geosciences》2007,11(1):9-26

Discrete fracture network simulations are computationally intensive and usually time-consuming to construct and configure. This paper presents a case study with techniques for building a 3D finite element model of an inhomogeneous fracture network for modelling flow and tracer transport, combining deterministic and stochastic information on fracture aperture distributions. The complex intersected fractures represent a challenge for geometrical model design, mesh quality requirements and property allocations. For the integrated and holistic modelling approach, including the application of numerical and analytical simulation techniques, new object-oriented concepts in software engineering are implemented to ensure a resourceful and practicable software environment.  相似文献   

Progress and perspectives of geothermal energy studies in China: from shallow to deep systems     

Zhonghe Pang  Olaf Kolditz 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(16):580

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