碳的地下封存     

J.  Davison  P.  Freund  A.  Smith.  赵玉军 《水文地质工程地质技术方法动态》2008,(4)

引言 减少温室气体排放量的需要 随着地球大气层中二氧化碳和其他温室气体浓度的不断上升,自然温室效应不断增强,这将导致全球气候变化。这些气候变化的特征、程度和时限是不可确定的,但一种主要的气候变化是可预测的,即全球平均气温上升。图1中的观测结果表明,由于外在因素的影响,例如火山尘和太阳辐射输出,全球平均气温逐渐增加且很有可能已超出气候自然变化的范围。  相似文献   

Results of TV imaging of Phobos (Experiment VSK-Fregat)     

Avanesov G  Zhukov B  Ziman YA  Kostenko V  Kuzmin A  Murav'ev V  Fedotov V  Bonev B  Mishev D  Petkov D  Krumov A  Simeonov S  Boycheva V  Uzunov YU  Weide GG  Halmann D  Pössel W  Head J  Murchie S  Schkuratov YuG  Berghänel R  Danz M  Mangoldt T  Pihan U  Smith B 《Planetary and Space Science》1991,39(1-2):281-295

From February to March 1989 the Phobos 2 spacecraft took 37 TV images of Phobos at a distance of 190-1100 km. These images complement Mariner-9 and Viking data by providing higher-resolution coverage of a large region West of the crater Stickney (40-160 degrees W) and by providing disk-resolved measurements of surface brightness at a greater range of wavelengths and additional phase angles. These images have supported updated mapping and characterization of large craters and grooves, and have provided additional observations of craters' and grooves' bright rims. Variations in surface visible/near-infrared color ratio of almost a factor of 2 have been recognized; these variations appear to be associated with the ejecta of specific large impact craters. Updated determinations of satellite mass and volume allow calculation of a more accurate value of bulk density, 1.90 +/- 0.1 g cm-3. This is significantly lower than the density of meteoritic analogs to Phobos' surface, suggesting a porous interior perhaps containing interstitial ice.  相似文献   

Remittances and migration--the commerce of movement     

Curson P 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1981,3(1-2):77-95

"This paper comments upon the role of remittances in a variety of emigrant situations, traces the way remittance patterns change over time and evaluates the importance of remittance payments for personal and national economies. It considers the concept of 'remittance-societies" in the South Pacific and elsewhere, and briefly examines the various mechanisms involved in the emigration-remittance cycle, including the expectation of interactions and interdependence that exists between migrants and their home-based kin, and the sacrifices and hardships often endured by many migrants to meet obligations back home."  相似文献   

Permeable Reactive Barrier for the treatment of contaminated surface water in Katedan industrial development area, Hyderabad, India     

Savitri Tripathi Vandana Parth Phani Homeshwari M. Vittal Babu N. Murthy N.N. Sorlie J.E. Govil P.K. 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):117-118

Permeable Reactive Barrier （PRB） is an emplacement of inert material （s） in the subsurface, designed to intercept a contaminated plume, provides a preferential flow path through the reactive media, and transforms the contaminant into environmentally acceptable forms to attain concentration remediation goals at the discharge of the barrier. The phenomena, which help in remediation within PRB, are adsorption/sorption, precipitation, oxidation/reduction and biodegradation. Various materials like zero-valent iron, zero-valent bi-metals, natural zeolites, organic carbon, fly ash, zeolites, limestone, activated alumina, apatites, etc. have been tried by many researchers to remove organic and inorganic contaminants. In USA, Canada, and many European countries commercial full-scale and pilot scale PRBs are successfully working. The design and installation of full scale PRBs needs laboratory treatability and dynamic flow column experiments？ The concept of PRB is being applied to treat contaminated surface water in the Katedan industrial area, Hyderabad, India. National Geophysical Research Institute （NGRI）, Hyderabad, India, conducted systematic studies in collaboration with Norwegian Geotechnical Institute （NGI）, Norway, to develop PRB technique to decontaminate the surface water pollution due to industrial effluent. A site assessment study in the Katedan Industrial Area, were carried out and water, soil and sediment from the lakes of the area were found to be polluted with high concentrations of heavy metals like As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, etc. Adsorption studies at NGRI with synthetic samples and in-situ industrial effluent using different reactive media for removing contaminants like arsenic, chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc have been carried out and yielded satisfactory results. The performance of zero-valent iron and limestone is encouraging in removing As,  相似文献   

Naturally acidic and metalliferous waters at unmined volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Bonnifield mining district, Alaska Range, east-central Alaska     

Robert G. Eppinger Paul H. Briggs Cynthia Dusel-Bacon Stuart A. Giles Larry P. Gough Jane M.Hammarstrom Bernard E. Hubbard 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):232-232

The Bonnifield district hosts 26 tmmined volcanogenic massive sulfide （VMS） occurrences. Environmental geochemical samples of water and stream sediment were collected at several occurrences, concentrating on the two best-exposed and largest deposits, Red Mountain （RM） and Sheep Creek （SC）. Limited samples were also collected at the poorly exposed WTF deposit. The deposits are Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, and are hosted by felsic metavolcanic and carbonaceous schist members of the Totatlanika Schist or Keevy Peak Fm. Spring and stream waters at RM and SC have pH values commonly 〈3.5 （as low as 2.4 at RM and 2.5 at SC）, high conductivity （up to 11000 μS/cm）, and very high （Is to 100s mg/L） dissolved contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. Waters at RM are characterized by extremely high REE contents （summed REE median 3200 μg/L, n=33）. At both RM and SC, pyrite oxidation and dissolution produce low pH waters that interact with and dissolve bedrock minerals, resulting in acidic, metal-laden, naturally degraded streams that are mostly devoid of aquatic life. Ferricrete is common. In contrast, WTF barely produces a surficial environmental footprint, mostly due to topography and relief. RM and SC are well exposed in the areas of relatively high relief, and both exhibit extensive areas of quartz-sericite-pyrite-alteration. While WTF shares many of the same deposit-and alteration characteristics, it is concealed by tundra in a large, nearly flat area. Surface water at WTF is absent and outcrops are sparse. Even though WTF is roughly the same size as Red Mountain （both around 3 million tonnes） and has similar base- and precious-metal grades, the surficial geochemical manifestation of WTF is minimal. However, exposure through mining of the altered, mineralized rock at WTF potentially could initiate the same processes of pyrite oxidation, acid generation, and mineral dissolution that are observed naturally at RM and SC.  相似文献   

探地雷达(GPR)在海南岛东北部海岸带调查中的应用 ^*   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

殷勇  朱大奎  I.P.Martini 《第四纪研究》2006,26(3):462-469

对海南岛东北部海岸带调查采用了探地雷达(GPR)研究海岸带沙体的结构、展布和沉积序列,取得了很好的效果。文章通过和有限的露头资料对比以及对反射波形态、结构的研究,确定了海滩脊、海岸沙丘的反射特征以及潜水面的位置。雷达图像显示五龙港古海滩脊由亚水平、不连续、高振幅和透镜状反射波组成;木兰头海岸沙丘已受到人类活动的扰动,短的、陡倾斜反射可能代表未受扰动的海岸风成沙的前积层。研究表明探地雷达是一种可靠、快速和经济的地球物理方法,在砂砾质海岸可产生高质量、高分辨率和连续的反射剖面,值得加以推广。  相似文献   

~(210)Pb chronology and trace metal geochemistry at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, as evidenced by a sedimentary record from the Lago Verde crater lake     

Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernandez  Claude Hillaire-Marcel  Federico Páez-Osuna  Bassam Ghaleb  Margarita Caballero-Miranda 《中国地球化学学报》2006,(Z1)

Lago Verde is a fresh water maar found in the San Martin volcano, at the Sierra of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, currently the northernmost remnant of the tropical rain forest in America. A sediment core from Lago Verde was analyzed for 210Pb and 137Cs in order to…  相似文献   

南秦岭横丹浊积岩系——晚古生代发育于扬子板块被动陆缘上的弧前盆地充填物     

闫全人  王宗起  A.D.Hanson  P.A.Druschke  王涛  闫臻 《地质通报》2002,(Z2)

南秦岭横丹浊积岩系是一套巨厚的浊流沉积,以向南或南东倾的单斜构造产出。由下而上,该沉积层序包括深水盆地、深水浊积扇和斜坡水道3个相序。相应地,沉积物粒度变粗,厚度变大,火山质组分含量增加,凝灰层大量发育,表明横丹浊积岩系为活动型浊积岩;其古水流方向为NNW—NNE向,物源区为南侧的碧口火山岩系。另外,横丹浊积岩系内还见石英岩、重结晶大理岩成分的砾石,说明其物源还包括被动陆缘环境的沉积物。相序、组构、沉积特征和物源区综合分析表明,横丹浊积岩系为弧前盆地充填物。构筑这一弧前盆地的动力学机制是洋壳板块向南俯冲于扬子板块被动陆缘之下,时代可能晚于中晚泥盆世。  相似文献   

新西兰阿瑟山口地震之谜2.余震分布及其与区域应力场和诱发应力场的关系     

R.Robinson  P.J.McGinty  万永革 《世界地震译丛》2002,(1):50-62

1994年M_W=6.7的阿瑟山口地震的余震分布对于逆冲断层事件是不寻常的,其实际断层面沿NNW方向扩展了12 km,SSE方向扩展了30 km,走向为NE-SW。我们运用几种方法反推此区域的应力场,其中包括大地测量结果、地震震源机制结果,并用P波偏振数据反演了应力张量的方向。反演方法是新的,并不需要所用事件的震源机制,方法中也考虑了库仑破裂准则。所有结果均表明应力场支持走滑断层而不是逆断层。应力场中几乎水平的σ_1和σ_3主轴走向分别为298°和28°。运用位错理论,我们计算了阿瑟山口地震及其最大余震(走滑事件)诱发的应力并叠加到区域应力场中。远离主震断层面的余震位置与最优取向断层面上诱发的库仑破裂应力高值区域有很好的对应关系。然而,有一些高诱发库仑破裂应力的区域缺乏余震。与其他地方的观测一样,倾斜(19°)板块收敛区域的地震滑动可以分解为平行和垂直于板块边界的分量。像发生在太平洋板块和澳大利亚板块边界的右旋阿尔卑斯断层上那样,大部分滑动是平行的。然而,像阿瑟山口地震那样的偶尔的逆断层事件至少可以解释滑动的某些垂直分量和南阿尔卑斯隆起的形成。  相似文献   

由兰德斯和赫克托矿地震的地震波触发的地震     

J．Gomberg P．A．Reasenberg P．Bodin R．A．Harris王宝善  阮爱国许忠淮 《世界地震译丛》2002,(3):23-27

加州1992年兰德斯7.3级地震和1999年赫克托矿7．1级地震的接近和相似允许人们对触发地震的假设进行检验，而这在以前是不可能的。赫克托矿地震证实了对兰德斯地震所提出的推断：瞬时、振荡的“动态”形变以地震波的形式辐射，能触发地震活动速率的增加(Hill，et al，1993；Anderson，et al，1994；Gomberg and Bodin，1994；Spudich，et al，1995；Gomberg，1996；Gomberg and Davis，1996)。在本文中，我们对地震活动速率的空间和时间变化(Matthews and Reasenberg，1988)进行了量化。在兰德斯地震的北部地震活动速率增加，而对赫克托矿地震这种增加主要发生在震中以南。我们认为破裂方向性分别使兰德斯和赫克托矿断层的北方和南方动态形变提高，这可以由地震波速度场的不对称性得到证明。对于触发作用，动态和静态应力变化都很重要，距离较远处动态应力变化起主要作用。峰值波速证明了动态触发闽值的存在，并约束了动态触发闽值的范围。在大多数地区，这个阈值依赖当地的条件，从零点几到几MPa变化，超过静态闽值一个量级以上。在某些地点触发过程直到动态形变平息了之后才开始。这些观测现象的物理机制可能与导致液化和循环疲劳的机理相似。  相似文献