Experimental soft‐sediment deformation caused by fluidization and intrusive ice melt in sand     

Pascal Bertran  Marianne Font  Arnaud Giret  Kevin Manchuel  Deborah Sicilia 《Sedimentology》2019,66(3):1102-1117

Identifying the driving mechanisms of soft‐sediment deformation in the geological record is the subject of debate. Thawing of ice‐rich clayey silt above permafrost was proved experimentally to be among the processes capable of triggering deformation. However, previous work has failed so far to reproduce similar structures in sand. This study investigates fluidization and intrusive ice formation from soil models in the laboratory. Experimental conditions reproduce the growth of ice‐cored mounds caused by pore water pressure increase during freeze‐back of sand in a permafrost context. Excess pore water pressure causes hydraulic fracturing and the development of water lenses beneath the freezing front. Later freezing of the water lenses generates intrusive ice. The main structures consist of sand dykes and sills formed when the increase in pore water pressure exceeds a critical threshold, and soft‐sediment deformations induced by subsidence during ice melt. The combination of processes has resulted in diapir‐like structures. The experimental structures are similar to those described in Pleistocene sites from France. These processes constitute a credible alternative to the seismic hypothesis evoked to explain soft‐sediment deformation structures in other European regions subjected to Pleistocene cold climates.  相似文献   

Influence of bottom trawling on sediment resuspension in the ‘Grande-Vasière’ area (Bay of Biscay,France)     

Baptiste Mengual  Florence Cayocca  Pierre Le Hir  Robin Draye  Pascal Laffargue  Benoit Vincent  Thierry Garlan 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(9):1181-1207

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Monitoring soil water content and deficit using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) – A case study in the Cevennes area,France     

Pascal Brunet  Rémi Clément  Christophe Bouvier 《Journal of Hydrology》2010,380(1-2):146-153

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Improved Constraints on Models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Review of the Contribution of Ground-Based Geodetic Observations     

Matt A. King  Zuheir Altamimi  Johannes Boehm  Machiel Bos  Rolf Dach  Pedro Elosegui  François Fund  Manuel Hernández-Pajares  David Lavallee  Paulo Jorge Mendes Cerveira  Nigel Penna  Riccardo E. M. Riva  Peter Steigenberger  Tonie van Dam  Luca Vittuari  Simon Williams  Pascal Willis 《Surveys in Geophysics》2010,31(5):465-507

The provision of accurate models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) is presently a priority need in climate studies, largely due to the potential of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to be used to determine accurate and continent-wide assessments of ice mass change and hydrology. However, modelled GIA is uncertain due to insufficient constraints on our knowledge of past glacial changes and to large simplifications in the underlying Earth models. Consequently, we show differences between models that exceed several mm/year in terms of surface displacement for the two major ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctica. Geodetic measurements of surface displacement offer the potential for new constraints to be made on GIA models, especially when they are used to improve structural features of the Earth’s interior as to allow for a more realistic reconstruction of the glaciation history. We present the distribution of presently available campaign and continuous geodetic measurements in Greenland and Antarctica and summarise surface velocities published to date, showing substantial disagreement between techniques and GIA models alike. We review the current state-of-the-art in ground-based geodesy (GPS, VLBI, DORIS, SLR) in determining accurate and precise surface velocities. In particular, we focus on known areas of need in GPS observation level models and the terrestrial reference frame in order to advance geodetic observation precision/accuracy toward 0.1 mm/year and therefore further constrain models of GIA and subsequent present-day ice mass change estimates.  相似文献   

3D structural model and kinematic interpretation of the Panixer Pass Transverse Zone (Infrahelvetic Complex,eastern Switzerland)     

Pascal A. von Däniken  Marcel Frehner 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2017,110(2):653-675

The Panixer Pass Transverse Zone in the eastern Swiss Alps is oriented perpendicular to most alpine structures in the area. Its main element is the SSE-trending Crena-Martin Fold, a downward facing fold with Permian Verrucano in its core, which is cut by the Glarus Thrust. Hence Verrucano can be found below the Glarus Thrust in the Infrahelvetic Complex. Across the Panixer Pass Transverse Zone the structural buildup of the Infrahelvetic Complex changes considerably. Multiple published theories of the structural evolution are not satisfying particularly because traditional 2D geological cross-sections are insufficient to understand the 3D complexity. The main result and product of our study is a 3D structural model of the Panixer Pass Transverse Zone providing insight into its geometry. As modeling input, we produced a lithostratigraphic map and collected structural orientation data. The 3D structural model honors the observed surface geology and the expected 3D subsurface geometry. Our field data indicates that the shearing and transport direction was continuously NNW-directed, except for a phase of north-directed shearing during the early movement along the Glarus Thrust (late Calanda Phase) and related foliation development in the Helvetic Nappes. The Panixer Pass Transverse Zone developed prior to the penetrative foliation during a thrust-dominated deformation phase (Cavistrau Phase), for which we created a kinematic block model. According to this model, the Crena-Martin Fold is the result of multiple lateral ramps and related lateral fault-bend folds that all developed in a similar positon. In particular, we do not propose ENE-WSW-directed shortening to form the Crena-Martin Fold. The latter was finally cut at low angle by a dextral strike-slip fault to create the final geometry of the Panixer Pass Transverse Zone. Our kinematic model reproduces the main features of the 3D structural model and embeds well into previously proposed sequences of deformation phases.  相似文献   

IGEX-98: International GLONASS Experiment     

Pascal Willis 《GPS Solutions》1999,3(2):66-68

GLONASS is a Russian military navigation satellite system. Even if the constellation is far from being operational, a large community is potentially interested in using its signal in combination with GPS to improve availability, integrity, or precision. The goal of this article is to present the international GLONASS campaign, named IGEX-98, which is really the first attempt to obtain precise GLONASS orbits for geodetic applications. A world-wide network of GLONASS receivers has been deployed and is still operational. Several analysis centers process the GLONASS data on a regular basis in the same way it is done for GPS within the International GPS Service. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

Mechanisms of lateral and linear extension of gullies (dongas) in a subhumid grassland of South Africa     

Pascal Podwojewski  Jean Louis Janeau  Sandrine Caquineau  Jeffrey Hughes 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3202-3215

The formation of deep gullies (called ‘dongas’ locally) in rangeland in KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa is a natural phenomenon. These U-shaped, very wide gullies have considerable lateral expansion due to the episodic collapse of sidewalls. The dongas have developed in duplex soils such as Luvisols and Lixisols formed on Permian sedimentary rocks or unconsolidated Quaternary colluvium. This study combined morphological, mineralogical and chemical characterization with measurements of grain-size content, structural stability and the complete shrinkage curve to detect changes in soil properties of the different horizons located in the gully banks. The different soil horizons present clear and sharp differences in physical and mineralogical properties. The topsoil with complete grass cover is very resistant to soil detachment. However, the leached E horizon and the BC horizon have low structural stability. The soil profile down to and including the Bt horizon contains exclusively illite in the clay fraction, while the BC colluvial layer and the C horizon (mudstone) contain expandable interstratified illite–smectite. The Bt horizon has a high water content at saturation and high shrinkage, while the BC and C horizons have a high residual shrinkage and a very low water content at saturation. Because this type of gully expansion is not significantly linked to slope value or the stream power index (SPI) at the gully head, to land-use change, high rainfall intensities or the threshold of concentrated runoff being exceeded at the gully head, other causes were investigated. It was concluded that the heterogeneity between horizons with different mineralogical properties and structural stabilities, soil types and parent material, anisotropic water-saturation and shrink-swell properties are of major importance. This heterogeneity between different soil horizon morphologies and their physical properties can explain why the relationship between the critical slope and the drainage area for gully initiation showed a threshold for gullying much lower than that found elsewhere. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of simulated benthic fluxes on phytoplankton dynamic and photosynthetic parameters in a mesocosm experiment (Bay of Brest,France)     

Pascal Claquin  Sorcha NÍ Longphuirt  Pierre Fouillaron  Pierre Huonnic  Olivier Ragueneau  Cécile Klein  Aude Leynaert 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Benthic faunal activity and density play an important role in determining the rates of benthic nutrient fluxes, which enrich the water column and contribute to phytoplankton growth. The intensity of nutrient fluxes in the Bay of Brest depends on the density of the invasive gastropod, Crepidula fornicata. In order to study the impact of benthic fluxes on phytoplankton dynamics, realistic daily nutrient inputs simulating various densities of C. fornicata were added to six enclosures during three weeks. The increase in fertilization intensity influenced the phytoplankton biomass. A succession from Chaetoceros spp. to Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Leptocylindrus danicus was observed in all enclosures, but the dynamics of successions were different. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was favored in the three more fertilized enclosures, while Chaetoceros spp. persisted longer in less enriched enclosures. Despite an apparent nitrogen limitation, the quantum efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) was high (>0.5) and stable in all enclosures. The maximal photosynthetic capacity (P^Bmax) was also invariable and oscillated around an average value of 2.23 mg C (mg Chl a)⁻¹ h⁻¹. The stability of F_v/F_m and P^Bmax observed at different nutrient input intensities demonstrates that the daily inputs maintained the physiological balance of the microalgae. The maximal light utilization efficiency (α) and the light saturation parameter (E_k) were also quite stable after day 8, which reveals that photosynthetic parameters were driven by growth constraints due to nutrient availability and not by incident light or species successions. We suggest that our results correspond to an “E_k independent variation” regulation. We propose that such regulation of photosynthetic parameters appears when there are frequent nutrient additions which do not allow replete nutrient conditions to be reached but lead to physiological equilibrium.  相似文献   

Impact of the Phaeocystis globosa spring bloom on the intertidal benthic compartment in the eastern English Channel: a synthesis     

Spilmont N  Denis L  Artigas LF  Caloin F  Courcot L  Créach A  Desroy N  Gevaert F  Hacquebart P  Hubas C  Janquin MA  Lemoine Y  Luczak C  Migné A  Rauch M  Davoult D 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(1):55-476

From 1999 to 2005, studies carried out in the frame of regional and national French programs aimed to determine whether the Phaeocystisglobosa bloom affected the intertidal benthic communities of the French coast of the eastern English Channel in terms of composition and/or functioning. Study sites were chosen to cover most of the typical shore types encountered on this coast (a rocky shore, an exposed sandy beach and a small estuary). Both the presence of active Phaeocystis cells and their degradation product (foam) did have a significant impact on the studied shores. The primary production and growth rates of the kelp Saccharina latissima decreased during the bloom because of a shortage of light and nutrient for the macroalgae. On sandy sediments, the benthic metabolism (community respiration and community primary production), as well as the nitrification rate, were enhanced during foam deposits, in relation with the presence of bacteria and active pelagic cells within the decaying colonies. In estuarine sediments, the most impressive impact was the formation of a crust at the sediment surface due to drying foam. This led to anoxic conditions in the surface sediment and resulted in a high mortality among the benthic community. Some organisms also tended to migrate upward and were then directly accessible to the higher trophic level represented by birds. Phaeocystis then created a shortcut in the estuarine trophic network. Most of these modifications lasted shortly and all the systems considered came back to their regular properties and activities a few weeks after the end of the bloom, except for the most impacted estuarine area.  相似文献   

Gravitational potential stresses and stress field of passive continental margins: Insights from the south-Norway shelf     

Christophe Pascal  Sierd A.P.L. Cloetingh 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2009,277(3-4):464-473

It is commonly assumed that the stress state at passive margins is mainly dominated by ridge push and that other stress sources have only a limited temporal and/or spatial influence. We show, by means of numerical modelling, that observed variations in lithosphere structure and elevation from a margin towards continental interiors may also produce significant gravitational potential stresses competing with those induced by ridge push forces. We test this hypothesis on an actual case where abundant geological and geophysical datasets are available, the shelf of southern Norway and adjacent southern Norwegian mountains (or Southern Scandes). The modelling results are consistent with the main features of three key-observables: (1) undulations of the truncated geoid (reflecting variations in gravitational potential energy in the lithosphere), (2) significant stress rotations both offshore and onshore and (3) the seismicity pattern of southern Norway. The contribution of the Southern Scandes to the regional stress pattern appears to be far more significant than previously anticipated. In addition, the modelling provides a physical explanation for the enigmatic seismicity of southern Norway. Gravitational potential stresses arising from variations in the lithospheric structure between a passive margin and its continental borderlands, can exert a significant control on the dynamic evolution of the margin in concert with ridge push.  相似文献