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Henrique Patricio Prado Pereira Nelson Violante-Carvalho Izabel Christina Martins Nogueira Alexander Babanin Qingxiang Liu Uggo Ferreira de Pinho Fabio Nascimento Carlos Eduardo Parente 《Ocean Dynamics》2017,67(12):1577-1591
It is well known that the majority of buoy measurements are located around the US coast and along some Europeans countries. The lack of long-term and densely spaced in situ measurements in the Southern Hemisphere in general, and the South Atlantic in particular, hinders several investigations due to the lack of detailed metocean information. Here, we present an effort to overcome this limitation, with a dense network of buoys along the Brazilian coast, equipped with several meteorological and oceanographic sensors. Out of ten currently operational buoys, three are employed to present the main characteristics of waves in the Southern part of the network. For the first time, sensor characteristics and settings are described, as well as the methods applied to the raw wave data. Statistics and distributions of wave parameters, swell propagating events, comparison with a numerical model and altimeters and a discussion about the occurrence of freak waves are presented. 相似文献
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González Juan González Gabriel Aránguiz Rafael Melgar Diego Zamora Natalia Shrivastava Mahesh N. Das Ranjit Catalán Patricio A. Cienfuegos Rodrigo 《Natural Hazards》2020,101(1):231-253
Natural Hazards - This paper presents an investigation of the collapse of a 325-year-old multi-tiered heritage temple during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal. The research comprises a... 相似文献
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Carbonate system parameters (pH and alkalinity) were used to estimate the coastal water CO2 fluxes off central Chile (30°S) during September 2007. Coastal waters rich in nitrate and silicate were strongly CO2 supersaturated and normally poor in chlorophyll a. MODIS satellite chlorophyll a data suggest that phytoplankton biomass remained particularly low during September 2007 although coastal waters were highly fertilized with nitrate and silicate. The phytoplankton gross primary productivity in macronutrient-rich waters was very low with the exception of shallow waters (e.g. within or near bays). Several iron-enrichment bottle experiments show that fCO2 rapidly decreases during iron-enrichment treatments compared to controls. This suggests that iron limitation of phytoplankton growth (mainly diatoms) plays a role in maintaining high-CO2 outgassing by preventing rapid interception of upwelled CO2. 相似文献
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We develop a quantitative criterion for the collapse of matter within a region where a global texture just collapsed and a non-zero peculiar velocity field is produced. We also describe the evolution of the density contrast in this region according to the non-linear spherical collapse model. In particular, we find that the overdensity needed to virialisation is reached at z ≤ 2.2, covering a mass range of about 104–107 M⊙ in the context of an Einstein-de Sitter universe. 相似文献
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Juan Pesántez Christian Birkel Giovanny M. Mosquera Pablo Peña Viviana Arízaga-Idrovo Emma Mora William H. McDowell Patricio Crespo 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14357
Monitoring the temporal variation of solute concentrations in streams at high temporal frequency can play an important role in understanding the hydrological and biogeochemical behaviour of catchments. UV–visible spectrometry is a relatively inexpensive and easily used tool to infer those concentrations in streams at high temporal resolution. However, it is not yet clear which solutes can be modelled with such an in-situ sensor. Here, we installed a UV–visible spectrometer probe (200–750 nm) in a high-altitude tropical Páramo stream to record the wavelength absorbance at a 5-min temporal resolution. For calibration, we simultaneously sampled stream water at a 4-h frequency from February 2018 to March 2019 for subsequent laboratory analysis. Absorbance spectra and laboratory-determined solute concentrations were used to identify the best calibration method and to determine which solute concentrations can be effectively inferred using in situ spectrometry through the evaluation of six calibration methods of different mathematical complexity. Based on the Nash – Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and Akaike information criterion metrics, our results suggest that multivariate methods always outperformed simpler strategies to infer solute concentrations. Eleven out of 21 studied solutes (Al, DOC, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, N, Na, Rb, Si and Sr) were successfully calibrated (NSE >0.50) and could be inferred using UV–visible spectrometry even with a reduced daily sampling frequency. It is worth noting that most calibrated solutes were correlated with wavelengths (WLs) in the low range of the spectra (i.e., UV range) and showed relatively good correlation with DOC. The latter suggests that estimation of metal concentrations could be possible in other streams with a high organic load (e.g., peat dominated catchments). In situ operation of spectrometers to monitor water quality parameters at high temporal frequency (sub-hourly) can enhance the protection of human water supplies and aquatic ecosystems as well as providing information for assessing catchment hydrological functioning. 相似文献
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Catchment scale hydrology of an irrigated cropping system under soil conservation practices
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Soil erosion by water is a pressing environmental problem caused and suffered by agriculture in Mediterranean environments. Soil conservation practices can contribute to alleviating this problem. The aim of this study is to gain more profound knowledge of the effects of conservation practices on soil losses by linking crop management and soil status to runoff and sediment losses measured at the outlet of a catchment during seven years. The catchment has 27.42 ha and is located in a commercial farm in southern Spain, where a package of soil conservation practices is an essential component of the farming system. The catchment is devoted to irrigated annual crops with maize–cotton–wheat as the primary rotation. Mean annual rainfall‐induced runoff coefficient was 0.14 and mean annual soil loss was 2.4 Mg ha?1 y?1. Irrigation contributed to 40% of the crop water supply, but the amount of runoff and sediment yield that it generated was negligible. A Principal Components Analysis showed that total soil loss is determined by the magnitude of the event (rainfall and runoff depths, duration) and by factors related to the aggressiveness of the events (rainfall intensity and preceding soil moisture). A third component showed the importance of crop coverage to reduce sediment losses. Cover crops grown during autumn and early winter and crop residues protecting the soil surface enhanced soil conservation notably. The role of irrigation to facilitate growing cover crops in Mediterranean environments is discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Pollen–climate reconstruction from northern South Island,New Zealand (41°S), reveals varying high‐ and low‐latitude teleconnections over the last 16 000 years
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