Accessory minerals of the Cínovec (Zinnwald) granite cupola,Czech Republic Part 1: Nb-, Ta- and Ti-bearing oxides     

Mme Dr. V. Johan  Dr. Z. Johan 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1994,51(2-4):323-343

Summary In 1961–63 the Czechoslovakian Geological Survey drilled a 1596 m deep borehole in the Sn-W-mineralized Cinovec (Zinnwald) granite cupola. The hole traversed zinnwaldite granite (ZG) to 730 m, then protolithionite granite (PG). The boundary between the two granites is a transition zone (TZ) about 10 m thick. The oxides of Nb, Ta and Ti, present in accessory amounts, are columbite, ilmenorutile, rutile and pyrochlore. The columbite occurs in both granites, but in the PG only below 1558 m depth. Its crystals are strongly zoned, the zoning representing variations in Nb/(Nb + Ta) on the one hand, and non-uniform distribution of W on the other. The columbite in the TZ is strongly enriched in W, up to 32.6 wt% WO₃. The columbites with W < M⁴⁺ show the substitutions W⁶⁺ + M⁴⁺ 2(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺, where (M⁴⁺ = Ti, Sn, Th, U, Zr) and 6M⁴⁺ + 3M³⁺ 4Fe²⁺ 5(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺, where (M³⁺ = Sc, Y). In columbites with W > M⁴⁺, tungsten is introduced by the substitution W⁶⁺ + M⁴⁺ 2(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺, but also through the appearance of Fe³⁺ in the B site according to the replacement 2W⁶⁺ + Fe³⁺ 3(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺. The ratio Fe/(Fe + Mn + Ca) increases with depth, and Nb/(Nb + Ta) is higher in the PG.The ZG is characterized by the presence of ilmenorutile, which does not occur in the PG, where rutile contains at most only 4 wt% Nb₂O₅. Two types of substitution have been found in the ilmenorutile: Fe³⁺ + (Nb, Ta)⁵⁺ 2Ti⁴⁺; (Fe, Mn)²⁺ + 2(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺ 3Ti^4-. For the ilmenorutiles studied, the ratio [Fe³⁺/(Fe, Mn)²⁺]at is near 1.AU- and Nb-rich phase, containing up to 36.2 wt% UO₂, included in protolithionite, and missing from the ZG, has the composition of a defect pyrochlore, A²⁺ ₂ ⁵⁺(O₆), and forms a solid solution with U⁴⁺B₂ ⁴⁺(O₆]), where B^4-= Ti, Si, Zr, Sn. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that this phase is strongly hydrated.The crystal chemistry of Nb-, Ta- and Ti-oxides in the Cinovec cupola reflects the complex geochemistry of its component granites and the interaction of the minerals with an F- and CO₂-rich fluid phase. Among the thermodynamic parameters, fO₂ plays a predominant role in the early evolutionary stages.

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Résumé Un sondage profond (jusqu'à -1596m), a été réalisé en 1961–63 par le Service géologique tchécoslovaque, dans la coupole granitique, minéralisée en Sn-W, de Cinovec (Zinnwald), République tchèque. Ce sondage a recoupé un granite à zinnwaldite (ZG), relayé en profondeur (–730 m) par un granite à protolithionite (PG). Le contact entre ces deux granites est matérialisé par une zone de transition (TZ) puissante de 10 m environ. Les oxydes de Nb, Ta et Ti, présents en quantité accessoire, sont représentés par: columbite, ilménorutile, rutile et pyrochlore.La columbite apparaît tant dans ZG que dans PG, mais dans ce dernier uniquement dans la zone profonde (-1558.0 m). Ses cristaux sont fortement zonés. Le zonage reflète des variations du rapport Nb/(Nb + Ta) d'une part et une distribution hétérogène de W, d'autre part. La columbite de la zone de transition ZG-PG est très enrichie en W (jusqu'à 32.6 wt.~/ 0 W03). Les coiumbites à W < SM4+ présentent des substitutions W⁶⁺ + M⁴⁺ 2(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺, où (M4⁴⁺ = Ti, Sn, Th, U, Zr) et 6M⁴⁺ + 3M³⁺ 4Fe²⁺ + 5(Nb, Ta)^5-, où (M³⁺ = Se, Y). Dans celles à W > EM⁴⁺, outre la substitution W⁶⁺ + M⁴⁺ 2(Nb, T)⁵⁺, le tungstène est introduit grâce à l'apparition de Fe 3+ sur le site B suivant le schéma: 2W⁶⁺ + Fe³⁺ 3(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺. Le rapport Fe/(Fe + Mn + Ca) croit avec profondeur; celui Nb/(Nb + Ta) augmente dans PG.Le ZG est caractérisé par la présence de l'ilménorutile; par contre, celui-ci est absent dans PG, oú le rutile ne contient que 4 wt.% Nb₂0₅ au maximum. Deux types de substitution sont mis en évidence dans l'ilménorutile: Fe³⁺ + (Nb, Ta)⁵⁺ 2Ti4⁺; (Fe, Mn)²⁺ + 2(Nb, Ta)⁵⁺ 3Ti⁴⁺. Pour les ilménorutiles étudiés, le rapport [Fe3+/(Fe, Mn)2+]à, est proche de 1.Une phase riche en U (jusqu'à 36.2 wt.% UO₂) et Nb, incluse dans la protolithionite et absente dans ZG, a composition d'un pyrochlore lacunaire A²⁺[B₂ ⁵⁺(06), formant une solution solide avec U4+E:B₂4+(O₆), où B⁴⁺ = Ti, Si, Zr, Sn. Les analyses à la microsonde électronique indiquent que cette phase est fortement hydratée.La cristallochimie des oxydes de Nb, Ta et Ti dans la coupole de Cinovec reflète tant la complexité géochimique des granites qui la composent que l'interaction des minéraux avec une phase fluide riche en F et CO,. Parmi les paramètres thermodynamiques, fO₂ joue un râle prépondérant lors des stades d'évolution précoces.

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Platinum mineralization in the Alaskan-type intrusive complexes near Fifield,N.S.W., Australia. Part 2. Platinum-group minerals in placer deposits at Fifield     

Dr. E. Slansky  Dr. L. M. Barron  Mr. D. Suppel  Dr. Z. Johan  Dr. M. Ohnenstetter 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,43(3):161-180

Summary The Fiîeld Platinum Province, New South Wales, Australia, contains Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes with notable PGE mineralization. This mineralization has evolved in several stages ranging from high- to low-temperature hydromagmatic, with weathering and latertic concentration followed by erosion and placer accumulation in alluvial channels. This last stage has furnished the largest quantity of platinum from the area. PGM nuggets were collected in a corridor, south and southeast of Fifield, joining the leads exploited in the past and continuing northwards.The following PGM association was observed in the nuggets: isoferroplatinum, native osmium, osmiridium, iridosmine, laurite and bowieite. Isoferroplatinum is the matrix mineral in the nuggets, while (It, Os, Pt) alloys occur as exsolutions. The nuggets sometimes carry inclusions of euhedral chromite. Two sulphidic phases-laurite and bowieite-are rare and occur embedded as trapped early formed crystals in isoferroplatinum.This PGM association is entirely different, when compared to the PGM in pegmatoid clinopyroxenites (P-units) described previously (Johan et al., 1989), both as to the nature of the mineral species and to the chemistry of isoferroplatinum common to both occurrences. This proves conclusively that the source for the alluvial nuggets must be of a different nature from the presently established hard rock mineralization.The co-existence of iridosmine and osmiridium exsolutions in isoferroplatinum proves a high temperature origin for the nuggets, and excludes a low temperature origin through in situ overgrowth from aqueous solutions in either the laterite or the erosive profile. The presence of chromite inclusions of a certain diagnostic composition indicates that the original host rock for the nuggets was a chromitite within dunite. The chemistry of the coexisting alloy phases provides a temperature estimate of about 800 °C, which is compatible with Alaskan complexes in Alaska and the Urals. The textural study of the nuggets shows different rates of cooling from nugget to nugget, with many textures relating to heterogeneous nucleation in metallurgical processes.

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Platin-Mineralisation in Intrusiv-Komplexen des Alaska-Types bei Fifield, NSW, Australien. Teil 2. Platingruppen-Minerale in Seifenlagerstätten in Fifield

Zusammenfassung Die Platin-Provinz von Fifeld, New South Wales, Australien, enthält mafischultramafische Komplexe des Alaska-Typs mit beachtlicher PGE Mineralisation. Diese hat sich in verschiedenen Stadien entwickelt, die von hoch- bis tief- temperiert hydromagmatisch reichen, und von Verwitterungsbildungen, lateritischer Konzentration, Erosion und Seifenbildung in alluvialen Rinnen gefolgt wurde. Dieses letzte Stadium hat bisher die größte Menge an Platin produziert. PGM Nuggets wurden in einem Korridor südlich und südöstlich von Fifield gesammelt, und diese setzten sich in den Anreicherungen fort, die in der Vergangenheit ausgebeutet wurden.Die folgende PGM Paragenese wurde in den Nuggets beobachtet: Isoferroplatin, gediegen Osmium, Osmiridium, Iridosmin, Laurit und Bowieit. Isoferroplatin ist das Matrix-Mineral der Nuggets, während (Ir, Os, Pt)—Legierungen als Entmischungen erscheinen. Die Nuggets enthalten gelegentlich Einschlüsse von isomorphem Chromit. Zwei Sulfidphasen—Laurit und Bowieit-sind selten und kommen als früh gebildete Kristalle im Isoferroplatin vor.Diese PGM-Paragenese unterscheidet sich grundsätzlich von der in pegmatoiden Klinopyroxeniten (P-units;Johan et al., 1989). Dies betrifft sowohl die Art der Minerale wie auch die chemische Zusammensetzung von Isoferroplatin. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen in überzeugender Weise, daß die Quelle für die alluvialen Nuggets nicht in der jetzt nachgewiesenen Vererzung in Festgesteinen gesucht werden kann.Die Koexistenz von Iridosmin- und Osmiridium-Entmischungen in Isoferroplatin weist auf die hohe Bildungstemperatur der Nuggets hin und schließt eine Tieftemperatur-Bildung durch in situ Überwachsung aus wässerigen Lösungen entweder im Laterit oder im Erosionsprofil aus. Die Anwesenheit von Chromiteinschlüssen definierter Zusammensetzung zeigt, daß das ursprüngliche Muttergestein der Nuggets ein Chromitit innerhalb von Duniten war. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der koexistierenden Legierungen weist auf Temperaturen von ungefähr 800°C; das ist in guter übereinstimmung mit Daten von den Komplexen in Alaska und im Ural. Texturelle Untersuchungen lassen Abkühlungsraten erkennen, die von Nugget zu Nugget schwanken; viele der beobachteten Texturen lassen sich mit heterogener Nukleation in metallurgischen Prozessen vergleichen.

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With 3 plates and 4 figures  相似文献   

Platinum-Group Minerals from the Durance River Alluvium,France   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Dr. Z. Johan  Dr. M. Ohnenstetterl  M. Fischer  J. Amossé 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1990,42(1-4):287-306

Summary Platinum-group minerals were discovered, during gold recovery, in the Durance river alluvium, near Peyrolles (Bouches-du-Rhône). The PGM grains (average size 130 microns) are strongly flattened (average thickness 64 microns). The PGM concentrate consists primarily of (Pt, Fe) alloys (92%), (Os, Ir, Ru) alloys (3.5%), and native gold and (Au, Cu, Ag) alloys (4.5%). The following minerals were observed: isoferroplatinum, ferroan platinum, native osmium, native iridium, iridosmine, rutheniridosmine, osmiridium, ruthenian osmium, osmian ruthenium, cuprorhodsite, guanglinite, shandite, tetrauricupride, native gold, bornite, heazlewoodite, (Pt, Pd)₂Cu₃, Pt(Cu, Au), (Ni, Pt)Sn, (Cu, Fe)_1–x (Pd, Rh, Pt)_2+xS₂, (Pt, Pd)_4–xCu₂As_1–x. Isoferroplatinum contains numerous inclusions of alloys, sulphides, arsenides, Pd-tellurides, and partly devitrified silicate glass droplets. Most of the non-silicate inclusions also exhibit a drop-like shape indicating their original entrapment in a liquid state.Cuprorhodsite crystals (up to 20 microns) are associated with bornite included in Pt₃Fe. Rarely, Pd- and Cu-sulphides, and Pd-tellurides appear in this association. Complex droplet-like arsenide inclusions in isoferroplatinum are composed of Pt bearing guanglinite and (Pt,Pd)_4+xCu₂As_1–x. Native iridium shows exsolutions of Ir-bearing isoferroplatinum and (Pt,Pd)₂Cu₃. In places, concentrations of Sn (up to 3 wt.%) were observed in (Au, Cu) alloys. Shandite and (Ni, Pt)Sn inclusions occur in (Au, Cu, Ag) alloys. Silicate-glass inclusions are TiO₂-poor and occasionally K-rich (plotting in the shoshonitic field). Taking into account mineralogical and chemical pecularities of the PGM association occurring in the studied concentrate, it seems highly probable that its primary source should be an Alaskan-type intrusion.

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Platingruppen Minerale aus dem Alluvium der Durance, Frankreich

Zusammenfassung Minerale der Platingruppe wurden im Zuge von Goldgewinnung im Alluvium der Durance in der Nähe von Peyrolles (Bouches-du-Rhône) entdeckt. Die PGM Körner (durchschnittliche Korngröße 130m) sind flach gepreßt (durchschnittliche Dicke 64m). Die PGM Konzentrate bestehen vorwiegend aus (Pt, Fe) Legierungen (92%); (Os, Ir, Ru) Legierungen (3,5%), sowie gediegen Gold und (Au, Cu, Ag) Legierungen (4,5%). Folgende Minerale wurden beobachtet:Isoferro-Platin, Fe-Platin, gediegen Osmium, gediegen Iridium, Iridosmium, Rutheniridosmium, Osmiridium, Ru-Osmium, Os-Ruthenium, Cuprorhodsit, Guanglinit, Shandit, Tetrauricuprit, gediegen Gold, Bornit, HeazIewoodit, (Pt, Pd)₂ Cu₃, Pt(Cu, Au), (Ni, Pt)Sn, (Cu, Fe), (Pd, Rh, Pt)_2+xS₂, (Pt, Pd)_4+xCu₂As_1–x.Isoferro-Platin enthält zahlreiche Einschlüsse von Legierungen, Sulfiden, Arseniden, Pd-Telluriden und teilweise devitrifzierte Silikatglaströpfchen. Die meisten nichtsili katischen Einschlüsse sind ebenfalls tröpfchenförmig. Dies weist darauf hin, daß sie in flüssigem Zustand eingeschlossen wurden.Cuprorhodsitkristalle (bis zu 20m) sind gemeinsam mit Bornit in Pt₃ Fe einge schlossen. Selten sind Pd- und Cu-Sulfide, sowie Pd-Telluride mit diesen vergesellschaftet. Bei den komplexen tröpfehenförmigen Arsenideinschlüssen im Isoferro-Platin handelt es sich um Pt-führenden Guanglinit und (Pt, Pd)_4+xCu₂ As_1–x. Gediegen Iridium zeigt Entmischung von Ir-führendem Isoferro-Platin und (Pt, Pd)₂Cu₃. Stellenweise wurden Konzentrationen von Sn (bis zu 3%) in den (Au, Cu) Legierungen beobachtet. Shandit und (Ni, Pt) Sn Einschlüsse kommen in (Au, Cu, Ag) Legierungen vor. Silikatische Glaseinschlüsse sind TiO₂-arm und manchmal K-reich (im Shoshonitfeld liegend).Auf Grund der mineralogischen und chemischen Eigenheiten der untersuchten PGM Konzentrate ist eine Intrusion des Alaska-Typs als primäre Quelle sehr wahrscheinlich.

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With 4 Figures and 2 Plates  相似文献   

The timing and isotopic character of regional hydrothermal alteration and associated epigenetic mineralization in the western sector of the Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa)     

Michael J Duane  F.Johan Kruger  Audrey M Turner  Hannah T Whitelaw  Henk Coetzee  Balt T Verhagen 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2004,38(5):69

The Kaapvaal Craton of South Africa comprises an Archaean core of ≈3.5 Ga lithospheric and crustal rocks surrounded by younger accreted terrains of ≈3.0–2.7 and ≈2.1–1.9 Ga. The craton is covered by relatively undeformed 3.0–2.4 Ga supracrustal rocks, which show the effects of thermal and hydrothermal interaction. Part of this activity is manifested by a large number of epigenetic Pb–Zn (±Ag, Au, Cu, F) deposits in the cover rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton. These include small volcanic and breccia hosted deposits in mafic and felsic volcanic rocks of the 2.7 Ga Ventersdorp Supergroup and the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits in the carbonates of the Transvaal Supergroup.MVT mineralization at the Pering (and other Zn–Pb deposits) is hosted in fracture-generated N–S breccia bodies in the Paleoproterozoic carbonate succession of the western Kaapvaal Craton. The fluids carrying the metals were focused in vertical bodies within the fracture zones (FZ), the metals and the sulphur being carried together and precipitated in organic-rich sectors of the basin. Two small Pb–Zn deposits within mafic rocks of the Ventersdorp Supergroup, stratigraphically below the basin-hosted MVTs on the southwestern part of the Kaapvaal Craton have secondary chlorite which is extremely Rb-rich, associated with the mineralization. This chlorite and the associated altered basaltic host rocks give a Rb–Sr date of ≈1.98 Ga, and the associated galena Pb isotope data plot on the same array as those of other Pb–Zn deposits, the radiogenic intercept giving a date of ≈2.0 Ga. We interpret these data to indicate a craton-wide epigenetic fluid-infiltration event, which exploited the Maquassie Quartz Porphyry (MQP) as the aquifer and metal source.Sr isotopic results for the ore-zone gangue minerals show highly radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (>0.710) which support earlier models that the origin of radiogenic Sr isotopic composition in the calcite cements is the felsic tuffs (MQP) of the Ventersdorp Supergroup occurring at deeper levels within the basin. Relationships between δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C performed on carbonate cements within the aquifers are complex: the range in δ¹³C for some of the cements represents a mixture from two sources and with a progression from heavy carbon in the host to somewhat lighter carbon in the cements. Similarly, the lighter δ¹⁸O values have a narrow range indicative of rapid exchanges between hydrous fluid and rock.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of the Kola River, northwestern Russia     

Larisa Pekka  Johan Ingri  Anders Widerlund  Olga Mokrotovarova  Margarita Riabtseva  Bjrn hlander 《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(12):62

The Kola River in the northern part of the Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia, flows into the Barents Sea via the Kola Bay. The river is a unique place for reproduction of salmon and an important source of drinking water for more than 500,000 people in Murmansk and the surrounding municipalities. To evaluate the environmental status of the Kola River water, sampling of the dissolved (<0.22 μm) and suspended (>0.22 μm) phases was performed at 12 sites along the Kola River and its tributaries during 2001 and 2002. Major (Ca, K, Mg, Na, S, Si, HCO₃ and Cl) and trace (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn) elements, total and particulate organic C (TOC and POC), N and P were analysed. Comparison with the boreal pristine Kalix River, Northern Sweden, shows that, except for Na, Cl, Al, Cu and Ni, which exceed the concentrations in the Kalix River by as much as 2–3 times, the levels of other major and trace elements are close to or even below the levels in the Kalix River. However, the results also demonstrate that pollutants from the three major sources: (1) the Cu–Ni smelter in Monchegorsk, (2) the open-pit Fe mine and ore concentration plant in Olenegorsk, and (3) the Varlamov, the Medveziy and the Zemlanoy creeks, draining the area of the large agricultural enterprises in the lower part of the watershed, have a major influence on the water quality of the Kola River.  相似文献   

Neotectonic evolution of the Anaximander Mountains at the junction of the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs     

Johan H. ten Veen  John M. Woodside  Tiphaine A.C. Zitter  Jean F. Dumont  Jean Mascle  Anna Volkonskaia 《Tectonophysics》2004,391(1-4):35

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Prototype LAAS Architecture Design Considerations     

Boris S. Pervan  Samuel P. Pullen  David G. Lawrence  Konstantin Gromov  Jock Christie  Guttorm Opshaug  Vicky Lu  Ping-Ya Ko  Per Enge  Bradford W. Parkinson 《GPS Solutions》1998,2(1):49-61

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High-grade metamorphic rocks in the pre-Alpine nappe stack of the Getic-Supragetic basement (Median Dacides, South Carpathians, Romania)     

V. Iancu  M. Màruntiu  V. Johan  P. Ledru 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,63(3-4):173-198

Summary Metamorphic rocks in the pre-Alpine basement of the Getic-Supragetic units (Median Dacides of the Carpathian belt) are spatially related to different lithotectonic units, some of which contain high-pressure relicts reflecting an early stage of oceanic and continental subduction, locally synchronous with mylonitic shear zones. Kyaniteamphibole ± quartz-bearing eclogites preserve a complete metamorphic clockwise loop; the estimated peak conditions within the outer part of the Cumpana unit were at least 20 kb at 780–860 °C. Pre-eclogite-stage magmatic phases occur in some units with true equilibrated eclogites. Clinopyroxene-plagioclase inclusions in garnet of a garnet-clinopyroxene assemblage within a metagabbro indicate a temperature around 760–790 °C at a maximum pressure of about 19 kb. The units finally evolved together during stages of exhumation under metamorphic conditions ranging from the Barrovian-type (minimum age of 330 Ma) to the high-temperature/low-pressure type. The absolute age of the high-pressure stage and the eclogite protoliths is unknown. In comparison with other collision belts, it is likely that the gneiss units of the Median Dacides underwent a complete cycle of underthrusting and exhumation similar to other segments of the European Variscides, and that the formation of the eclogite occurred during the early stages of subduction.

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Résumé Les roches métamorphiques du socle pré-alpin des domaines Gétiques et Supragétiques (Dacides médianes de la chaîne des Carpathes) appartiennent à des unités lithotectoniques différentes dont certaines contiennent des reliques de métamorphisme haute pression reflétant un stade précoce de subduction continentale et océanique, localement synchrone de zones de cisaillement mylonitiques. Des éclogites é disthène-amphibole ± quartz permettent de reconstituer un trajet PT horaire complet. Les conditions paroxysmales sont estimées au sein de l'unité de Cumpana é plus de 20 kb pour 780–860 °C. Des phases magmatiques pré-éclogitiques coexistent avec des phases de haute pression dans les éclogites de certaines unités et des inclusions de clinopyroxene-plagioclase dans les grenats d'un métagabbro indiquent une température de 760–790 °C pour une pression maximale de 19 kb. L'ensemble des unités évolue finalement durant les stades d'exhumation sous les mêmes conditions de métamorphisme barrovien (âge minimum de 330 Ma) puis de haute température-basse pression. L'âge du stade de haute pression et des protholithes reste inconnu. En comparaison avec d'autres chaînes de collision, il est vraisemblable que les Dacides médianes ont subi un cycle d'enfouissement et d'exhumation similaire é celui décrit dans d'autres segments de la chaîne varisque européenne, la formation des éclogites étant attribuée aux premiers stades de la subduction.

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With 9 Figures  相似文献   

Recurring Jökulhlaups in Sälka, Northern Sweden     

Per Klingbjer 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(2):169-179

An ice‐dammed lake at the margin of the glacier Sälkaglaciären, in the Kebnekaise Mountains in northern Sweden, drained suddenly in July 2003 producing a flood with a measured peak discharge of 9.5±0.25 m³s^‐1. The total lake volume of 4.55×10⁵ million³ drained within two days. The hydrograph of this event is characteristic of a jökulhlaup controlled by a single basal ice tunnel that enlarges due to melting. The jökulhlaup had an exponential rise to a peak discharge, and following the peak, a very steep fall in discharge as the water supply to the drainage system ceased. A similar jökulhlaup was observed in August 1990 with an estimated release of 8.05×10⁵ m³ water. Jökulhlaups at Sälkaglaciären are recurring events and have been indirectly observed since the 1950s.  相似文献   

Sorption and anaerobic biodegradation of soluble aromatic compounds during groundwater transport. 1. Laboratory column experiments     

Zuoping Zheng  Per Aagaard  Gijs D. Breedveld 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(8):922-932

. This paper deals with sorption and anaerobic biodegradation of the soluble aromatic fraction of jet fuel and how it is influenced by pore-water velocity during transport in a groundwater aquifer. The study was carried out as controlled laboratory column experiments. A binary mixture of toluene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene with a concentration ratio of 2:1 was used through the entire investigations. The column experiments were conducted with contaminated sediments and groundwater, taken from wells at a field research site. The columns were operated anaerobically under continuous-flow conditions at 10 °C in a temperature-controlled refrigerator. Two percent sodium azide was added to the injection solution of two of the columns to prevent biodegradation of the studied organic mixture. Chloride was used as a conservative tracer to characterize the hydrodynamic parameters such as dispersivity and porosity of the columns. The results showed that both compounds in the mixture were attenuated because of sorption and biodegradation processes in the columns. 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was attenuated more significantly than toluene. Biodegradation of toluene was coupled mainly with the microbial reduction of ferric iron, whereas 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, in contrast, was mostly sorbed. Their sorption and biodegradation were studied with different pore-water velocities, and a mass balance approach was applied to calculate biodegradation rates. The biodegradation rates of toluene were –0.16, –0.21, and –0.26 (unit: mM day^–1) for pore-water velocities of 96, 82.4, and 54.9 (unit: cm day^–1), respectively. This indicates that a decrease in the pore-water velocity significantly enhanced the biodegradation of toluene, consistent with other reports in the literature. For 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene the biodegradation rates were –0.05, –0.13 (unit: mM day^–1) for pore-water velocities of 96 and 82.4 (unit: cm day^–1), respectively. The biodegradation rate of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene did not increase at the lowest pore water velocity as expected. This might be a result of substrate competition.  相似文献