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41.
42.
Lars E. Sjöberg 《Journal of Geodesy》2008,82(9):565-567
Through each of two known points on the ellipsoid a geodesic is passing in a known azimuth. We solve the problem of intersection
of the two geodesics. The solution for the latitude is obtained as a closed formula for the sphere plus a small correction,
of the order of the eccentricity of the ellipsoid, which is determined by numerical integration. The solution is iterative.
Once the latitude is obtained, the longitude is determined without iteration. 相似文献
43.
The Karalar galena-barite deposits are typical examples of the carbonate-hosted barite-galena deposits widely occurring in
the Central Tauride Belt. These deposits are located in Permian limestones as ore veins along fault zones that are discordant
to the bedding planes and as thin veinlets within hardly brecciated bottom zones of Permian limestones. The ore deposits contain
mainly barite and galena and small amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, fahlore, limonite, quartz, and calcite. Barites occur during
the earlier episode of mineralization and were mylonitized before the formation of galena. Galena and other minerals occur
epigenetically with barite along porous zones between brecciated barite crystals and are especially abundant in the hardly
mylonitized zones. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the ore deposits of the area were developed by hydrothermal fluids
with following characteristics: they contained NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2; the salinity of the fluids was relatively high and their temperature was low during the crystallization of barites in the
earlier episode of mineralization; and the salinity of the fluids decreased and their temperature increased during the crystallization
of sulfide minerals through the later episode of mineralization. δ18O and the δD results indicate that the water in the mineralizing fluid was of meteoric origin. The deposits were formed by
deep meteoric water circulating through marine sediments. Shallow circulating and slightly warmed fluids dissolved Ba and
sulfate from marine sediments of the basement and transported them to the mineralization environment during the early episode,
while deep circulating and more heated fluids dissolved Pb, Zn, and other elements from the basement and reached the environment
during the later episode of mineralization.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
44.
Jonas Ardö Meelis Mölder Bashir Awad El-Tahir Hatim Abdalla Mohammed Elkhidir 《Carbon balance and management》2008,3(1):1-18
Background
Large spatial, seasonal and annual variability of major drivers of the carbon cycle (precipitation, temperature, fire regime and nutrient availability) are common in the Sahel region. This causes large variability in net ecosystem exchange and in vegetation productivity, the subsistence basis for a major part of the rural population in Sahel. This study compares the 2005 dry and wet season fluxes of CO2 for a grass land/sparse savanna site in semi arid Sudan and relates these fluxes to water availability and incoming photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Data from this site could complement the current sparse observation network in Africa, a continent where climatic change could significantly impact the future and which constitute a weak link in our understanding of the global carbon cycle.Results
The dry season (represented by Julian day 35–46, February 2005) was characterized by low soil moisture availability, low evapotranspiration and a high vapor pressure deficit. The mean daily NEE (net ecosystem exchange, Eq. 1) was -14.7 mmol d-1 for the 12 day period (negative numbers denote sinks, i.e. flux from the atmosphere to the biosphere). The water use efficiency (WUE) was 1.6 mmol CO2 mol H2O-1 and the light use efficiency (LUE) was 0.95 mmol CO2 mol PPFD-1. Photosynthesis is a weak, but linear function of PPFD. The wet season (represented by Julian day 266–273, September 2005) was, compared to the dry season, characterized by slightly higher soil moisture availability, higher evapotranspiration and a slightly lower vapor pressure deficit. The mean daily NEE was -152 mmol d-1 for the 8 day period. The WUE was lower, 0.97 mmol CO2 mol H2O-1 and the LUE was higher, 7.2 μmol CO2 mmol PPFD-1 during the wet season compared to the dry season. During the wet season photosynthesis increases with PPFD to about 1600 μmol m-2s-1 and then levels off.Conclusion
Based on data collected during two short periods, the studied ecosystem was a sink of carbon both during the dry and wet season 2005. The small sink during the dry season is surprising and similar dry season sinks have not to our knowledge been reported from other similar savanna ecosystems and could have potential management implications for agroforestry. A strong response of NEE versus small changes in plant available soil water content was found. Collection and analysis of flux data for several consecutive years including variations in precipitation, available soil moisture and labile soil carbon are needed for understanding the year to year variation of the carbon budget of this grass land/sparse savanna site in semi arid Sudan. 相似文献45.
H. Zöllner K. Reicherter P. Schikowsky 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(5):1013-1027
The pre-Alpine structural and geological evolution in the northern part of the North German Basin have been revealed on the
basis of a very dense reflection seismic profile grid. The study area is situated in the coastal Mecklenburg Bay (Germany),
part of the southwestern Baltic Sea. From the central part of the North German Basin to the northern basin margin in the Grimmen
High area a series of high-resolution maps show the evolution from the base Zechstein to the Lower Jurassic. We present a
map of basement faults affecting the pre-Zechstein. The pre-Alpine structural evolution of the region has been determined
from digital mapping of post-Permian key horizons traced on the processed seismic time sections. The geological evolution
of the North German Basin can be separated into four distinct periods in the Rerik study area. During Late Permian and Early
Triassic evaporites and clastics were deposited. Salt movement was initiated after the deposition of the Middle Triassic Muschelkalk.
Salt pillows, which were previously unmapped in the study area, are responsible for the creation of smaller subsidence centers
and angular unconformities in the Late Triassic Keuper, especially in the vicinity of the fault-bounded Grimmen High. In this
area, partly Lower Jurassic sediments overlie the Keuper unconformably. The change from extension to compression in the regional
stress field remobilized the salt, leading to a major unconformity marked at the base of the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
46.
Lutz Nasdala Wolfgang Hofmeister Nicholas Norberg James M. Martinson Fernando Corfu Wolfgang Dörr Sandra L. Kamo Allen K. Kennedy Andreas Kronz Peter W. Reiners Dirk Frei Jan Kosler Yusheng Wan Jens Götze Tobias Häger Alfred Kröner John W. Valley 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2008,32(3):247-265
We introduce and propose zircon M257 as a future reference material for the determination of zircon U‐Pb ages by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry. This light brownish, flawless, cut gemstone specimen from Sri Lanka weighed 5.14 g (25.7 carats). Zircon M257 has TIMS‐determined, mean isotopic ratios (2s uncertainties) of 0.09100 ± 0.00003 for 206pb/238U and 0.7392 ± 0.0003 for 207pb/235U. Its 206pb/238U age is 561.3 ± 0.3 Ma (unweighted mean, uncertainty quoted at the 95% confidence level); the U‐Pb system is concordant within uncertainty of decay constants. Zircon M257 contains ~ 840 μg g?1 U (Th/U ~ 0.27). The material exhibits remarkably low heterogeneity, with a virtual absence of any internal textures even in cathodoluminescence images. The uniform, moderate degree of radiation damage (estimated from the expansion of unit‐cell parameters, broadening of Raman spectral parameters and density) corresponds well, within the “Sri Lankan trends”, with actinide concentrations, U‐Pb age, and the calculated alpha fluence of 1.66 × 1018 g?1. This, and a (U+Th)/He age of 419 ± 9 Ma (2s), enables us to exclude any unusual thermal history or heat treatment, which could potentially have affected the retention of radiogenic Pb. The oxygen isotope ratio of this zircon is 13.9%o VSMOW suggesting a metamorphic genesis in a marble or calc‐silicate skarn. 相似文献
47.
H. Rönkkömäki Ph.D. R. Pöykiö Ph.D. H. Nurmesniemi Ph.D. K. Popov D.Sc. E. Merisalu Dr. T. Tuomi PhD I. Välimäki M.Sc. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2008,5(4):485-494
The particles in the examined cyclone fly ash were all smaller than 0.25 mm. in diameter, and particles smaller than 0.075 mm. in diameter accounted for 88.4 % of the ash weight. This result indicates that cyclone fly ash consists of particles with a small diameter. The metals in the cyclone fly ash were enriched in small particles. The highest concentrations for zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and molybdenum in the cyclone fly ash were found in the smallest particle size fraction (< 0.075 mm.) and for Barium, chromium, nickel, Vanadium and Cobalt in the second to smallest particle size fraction (0.075-0.125 mm.). From an environmental and toxicological standpoint, the smallest particles are of the greatest concern when ash is handed at landfill disposal sites (transport and disposal especially in stormy weather conditions), and some studies have reported risks to workers from prolonged exposure to ash. The results of the comparison of various dissolution methods for metals showed that the digestion procedures with nitric acid alone (USEPA 3051) or with a mixture of nitric acid + hydrogen peroxide (USEPA 3050B) slightly underestimated the metal concentrations in the cyclone fly ash. Although the use of hydrofluoric acid is often necessary for the determination of a number of elements associated with siliceous minerals, its use can result in loss of trace elements during dissolution. 相似文献
48.
Summary The Ulten Zone of the Austroalpine crystalline basement south-west of Meran (Italy) contains metapelitic schists and granoblastic paragneisses, leucocratic orthogneisses, migmatites (in both gneiss-lithologies), metabasites and ultramafic lenses. Metamorphic textures of the metapelitic schists and granoblastic paragneisses indicate two different metamorphic events, characterized by two mineral assemblages, which differ in mineral chemistry: (1) an eclogite facies mineral assemblage (M1) comprising Grt-Ky I-Bt. Ms-Kfs-PI-Qtz-Rt, and (2) an amphibolite facies mineral assemblage (M2) comprising Grt-KyII-Bt-Ms-PI-Qtz-Ilm±St. For the M1 event, pressures of at least 15kbar and temperatures of about 700°±50°C can be estimated. The later amphibolite facies overprint occurred at pressures of 6 to 8kbar and about 600°±50°C. The M1 and M2 assemblages belong to a continuous clockwise metamorphic evolution during the Variscan orogeny. Evidence for Alpine metamorphism can only be detected by sericite rims around kyanite and reset biotite ages. The migmatites, which contribute about 15–30vol.% of all rocks in the investigated area, were formed on the prograde path during the M1 event. Dissolution of H2O in the melted part of the migmatites resulted in a CO2dominated fluid, which was trapped in primary kyanite (M1) fluid inclusions. Secondary H2O-rich fluid inclusions are found in quartz grains and may represent the fluid which enabled a pervasive equilibration during M2.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
Übergang von eklogit-zu amphibolitfazieller Matamorphose in der austroalpinen Ultenzone
Zusammenfassung Die Ulten Zone, ein Teil des ostalpinen kristallinen basements, südwestlich von Meran, wird aus Metapeliten and granoblastischen Paragneisen, leukokraten Orthogneisen, Migmatiten (in beiden Lithologien), Metabasiten and ultramafischen Linsen aufgebaut. Metamorphe Texturen der Metapelite und granoblastischen Paragneise lassen auf zwei verschiedene metamorphe Ereignisse schließen, die durch unterschiedliche Mineral-chemismen und Paragenesen charakterisiert sind: (1) eine eklogitfazielle Paragenese (M1), bestehend aus Grt-KyI-Bt-Ms-Kfs-P1-Qtz-Rt und (2) eine amphibolitfazielle Paragenese (M2), bestehend aus Grt-KyII-Bt-Ms-P1-Qtz-Ilm±St. Für M1 konnten Minimaldrucke von 15kbar und Temperaturen von 700°±50°C abgeleitet werden. Die spätere amphibolitfazielle Überprägung fand bei 6 bis 8kbar und 600°±50°C statt. M1 und M2 gehören einer kontinuierlichen Metamorphoseentwicklung während der variszischen Orogenese an.Die Migmatite, ungefähr 15–30vol.% der Gesteine im untersuchten Gebiet, wurden am prograden Pfad während des M1 Ereignisses gebildet. Aufgrund der höheren Löslichkeit von H20 in der Schmelze, blieb ein CO2, reiches Fluid zurück, das im primären Kyanit (M1) eingeschlossen wurde. Wässrige Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse können in Quarzkörnern gefunden werden. Dieses Fluid ist wahrscheinlich für die Reequilibrierung zu amphibolitfaziellen Bedingungen verantwortlich.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
49.
Rögnvaldur Hannesson 《GeoJournal》1996,39(2):179-184
Discusses the tragedy of the commons with regard to fish resources in the North Atlantic, and points to the fact that the Atlantic cod has now been so heavily exploited that a strong regulation of fisheries is needed to preserve an exploitable stock. The author argues for exclusive economic zones dividing up the remaining loopholes among coastal nations and individually transferable quotas. 相似文献
50.
In our preceding paper {see [L. Sh. Grigorian and S. Gottlöber, Astrofizika (in press)]} we investigated a self-gravitating system consisting of a scalar field and a linear tensor field ik= ki with minimal coupling and with allowance for the action of vacuum polarization effects. In the present paper we investigate the case of a nonlinear tensor field ik. The action S
()
of the field ik is determined by the difference Rik — ik, where Rik is the space-time Ricci tensor and Rik is the analogous quantity constructed using the metric ik=gik+ik induced by ik ( is a free parameter). Here
S
()
coincides with the previously known expression for the action of a linear field ik. Equations of motion are derived for ik in curved space-time. The energy-momentum metric tensor, determining the contribution of ik to the gravitational field equations, is calculated.Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 135–144, January-March, 1996. 相似文献