Comment on “Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of Central Chile” by W. Hildreth and S. Moorbath     

Charles R. Stern 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,108(1-2):241-246

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The Late Precambrian Timna igneous complex, Southern Israel: Evidence for comagmatic-type sanukitoid monzodiorite and alkali granite magma   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Michael Beyth  Robert J. Stern  Rainer Altherr  Alfred Krner 《Lithos》1994,31(3-4):103-124

New data from a geochemical, geochronological and isotopic study of the Late Precambrian Timna igneous complex suggest the formation of alkali granites from a LIL-enriched, mantle derived, sanukitoid-type monzodiorite (a silica oversaturated rock with Mg# >60). These data also provide new insights into the petrology, timing and regional tectonic control of the transition from the calc-alkaline to the alkaline magmatic activity in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) during the Late Precambrian.

The Timna alkali granite was formed by fractional crystallization from the monzodioritic magma in a quasi-stratified magmatic cell which formed 610 Ma ago in the 625 Ma old calc-alkaline, porphyritic granite crust. These monzodiorites are mantle-derived, as demonstrated by their high Mg# (63), Cr (230 ppm), and Ni (120 ppm). They are characterized by initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.7034, ε-Nd (610 Ma) = +3.4, and are enriched in K₂O (2.9%), Sr (840 ppm), Ba (1290 ppm) and LREE [(La/Lu)_n= 10–25]. The chemical characteristics and REE patterns of the monzodiorites and andesitic dykes of Timna are very similar to Dokhan andesites from northeastern Egypt and the Archean sanukitoids from Canada. The isotopic, geochemical and geochronologic data all indicate that Timna monzodiorites are comagmatic with the alkali granite. The alkali granite is a typical post-orogenic, borderline A-type granite. It is enriched in potassium (K₂O=4.68–6.64%), has a negative europium anomaly (Eu/Eu^*=0.058–0.38) and ε-Nd (610 Ma) of +3.9. The calc-alkaline granite is a typical I-type granite with a small positive europium anomaly (Eu/Eu^*=1.02–1.16). Its age and the Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics with ε-Nd (625 Ma) of +5.6 to +5.9 are significantly different from these of the alkali granite and monzodiorites, and indicate little interaction with the monzodiorite during the formation of the alkali granite.

The alkali granites are correlative with the post-collisional extensional granites in Jordan and Egypt while the porphyritic granites can be correlated with the late orogenic types. Crustal thickening associated with orogenic compression resulted in crustal anatexis to form the I-type granitic rocks, whereas crustal thinning associated with extension allowed LIL-enriched mantle melts to rise very near to the surface, where space was available for these to pond and fractionate to alkali granite.  相似文献   

Seasonality of materials transport through a coastal freshwater marsh: Riverine versus tidal forcing     

Marlene K. Stern  John W. Day  Kenneth G. Teague 《Estuaries and Coasts》1986,9(4):301-308

Transports of nitrate and suspended solids were measured six times from January 1984 until January 1985 in a small freshwater tidal bayou in south-central Louisiana. The bayou and adjacent marshes are influenced by Atchafalaya River discharges, tides, and coastal weather patterns. Large net ebb-directed water transports occurred in winter, spring, and summer, coincident with high river discharges, indicating riverine dominance. A very small net flood-directed water transport occurred in fall, indicating tidally dominated hydrology. Nitrate and suspended solids transports were net ebb-directed in all seasons, but were two orders of magnitude higher during high river flow. Exports changed as hydrology switched from river dominated to tidally dominated, and as concentrations of materials changed. Comparison of suspended solids and nitrate concentrations in the river and bayou shows that these materials were usually lower in the bayou, indicating retention by the marsh/aquatic system.  相似文献   

The Pan-African continental margin in northeastern Africa: evidence from a geochronological study of granulites at Sabaloka, Sudan     

A. Krner  R.J. Stern  A.S. Dawoud  W. Compston  T. Reischmann 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1987,85(1-3)

Ion microprobe zircon ages, a Nd model age and RbSr whole-rock dates are reported from the high-grade gneiss terrain at Sabaloka on the River Nile north of Khartoum, formally considered to be part of the Archaean/early Proterozoic Nile craton. The granulites, which are of both sedimentary and igneous derivation, occur as remnants in migmatites. Detrital zircon ages range from ≈ 1000 to ≈ 2650 Ma and prove the existence of Archaean to late Proterozoic continental crust in the sedimentary source region. The Nd model age for one sedimentary granulite is between 1.26 (T_CHUR) and 1.70 (T_DM) Ga and provides a mean crustal residence age for the sedimentary precursor. Igneous zircons in enderbitic gneiss crystallized at 719 ± 81 Ma ago, an age that also corresponds to severe Pb loss in the detrital zircons and which probably reflects the granulite event at Sabaloka. The RbSr data indicate isotopic homogenization at about 700 Ma ago in the granulites and severe post-granulite disturbance at ≈ 570 Ma in the migmatites. We associate this disturbance with hydration, retrograde metamorphism and anatexis that produced undeformed granites ≈ 540 Ma ago. The ≈ 700 Ma granulite event at Sabaloka suggests that this part of the Sudan belongs to the Pan-African Mozambique belt while the ancient Nile craton lay farther west. The gneisses studied here may represent the infrastructure of the ancient African continental margin onto which the juvenile arc assemblage of the Arabian-Nubian shield was accreted during intense horizontal shortening and crustal interstacking of a major collision event.  相似文献   

Geochemistry,geochronology, and petrogenesis of a Late Precambrian (∼ 590 Ma) composite dike from the North Eastern Desert of Egypt     

Robert J. Stern  David A. Voegeli 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1987,76(2):325-341

Late Precambrian (575–600 Ma) igneous activity in the North Eastern Desert of Egypt produced large volumes of compositionally bimodal magmas. A single composite dike was studied to further examine petrogenetic relationships between andesitic and rhyolitic melts. The dike consists of 1.5–2 m of andesite on either side of a 5–6 m wide rhyolite core. Contact relations indicate that the andesite and rhyolite simultaneously existed as porphyritic liquids. Wholerock Rb-Sr dating indicates an age of 591 Ma, but with considerable scatter. Andesite and rhyolite had similar initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.7032±2, indicating derivation from a low Rb/Sr source, either the upper mantle, very young upper crust, or depleted lower crust. The composition of the andesites on either margin cannot be distinguished; these are very similar to andesites of the Dokhan Volcanics of similar age. Correspondingly, the rhyolite is compositionally similar to the epizonal Pink Granites. This dike and others like it represent hypabyssal feeders for the extrusive and shallow intrusive members of the North Eastern Desert bimodal suite.Major and trace element studies of the dike rocks show no evidence of mixing. With the exception of the alkaline earths, there is no evidence of diffusional transport across the rhyolite-andesite contacts. REE patterns indicate that petrogenesis of the andesite must have left a garnetiferous residue: either 10% melting of LREE-enriched garnet lherzolite or 25% melting of eclogite, followed by a small amount of shallow fractionation. Petrogenesis of the rhyolites remains enigmatic. Partitioning of trace elements and different plagioclase compositions in andesite and rhyolite argue against an origin by liquid immiscibility. Major and trace element models indicate that the rhyolite formed by fractional crystallization of the andesite or by anatexis of young amphibolite-facies crust.

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Zusammenfassung SpÄtprÄkambrische (575–600 Ma) magmatische AktivitÄt in der »North Eastern Desert« Ägyptens förderte gro\e Mengen bimodaler Magmen. Um die petrogenetischen Beziehungen zwischen andesitischen und rhyolitischen Schmelzen zu studieren, wurde ein einzelner, »bimodaler« Gang (composite dyke) untersucht.Der Gang besteht aus einem Rand von 1,5–2 m mÄchtigem Andesit auf beiden Seiten eines 5–6 m mÄchtigen Kernbereiches von Rhyolit. Die Kontaktbeziehungen zeigen, da\ Andesite und Rhyolite gleichzeitig als porphyritische Schmelzen existierten. »Whole-Rock« Rb-Sr Datierung ergab ein Alter von 591 Ma, jedoch mit einem erheblichen Fehler. Andesit und Rhyolith hatten Ähnliche initiale⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr VerhÄltnisse von 0.7032±2, die eine Herkunft aus Bereichen mit niedrigen Rb/Sr VerhÄltnissen erkennen lassen: Oberer Mantel, sehr junge obere Kruste, oder verarmte untere Kruste. Die Zusammensetzung der Andesite von den verschiedenen Seiten des Ganges ist nicht zu unterscheiden. Sie sind den Andesiten der Dokhan Vulkanite Ähnlich und etwa gleich alt. Entsprechend sind die Rhyolite den epizonalen rosa Graniten (»pink granite«) in der Zusammensetzung Ähnlich. Dieser Gang und andere gleich ihm stellen die Zufuhrspalten für die extrusiven und seichtintrusiven Magmatite der »North Eastern Desert« bimodalen Folge dar.Haupt- und Spurenelemente der Ganggesteine zeigen keine Anzeichen einer Mischung. Mit Ausnahme der Erdalkalien gibt es keinen Hinweis auf eine Diffusion der Elemente über den Rhyolit-Andesit Kontakt. Die Verteilung der Seltenen Erden deutet auf ein granatführendes Residuum bei der Petrogenese der Andesite: entweder10% Aufschmelzen von Granat-Lherzolit, angereichert an leichten Seltenen Erden, oder 25% Aufschmelzen von Eklogit, gefolgt von geringer Fraktionierung unter niedrigem Druck.Die Petrogenese der Rhyolite bleibt unklar. Die Verteilung der Spurenelemente und die unterschiedliche Plagioklas-Zusammensetzung in Andesit und Rhyolith sprechen gegen eine Entstehung aus unvermischbaren Schmelzen. Modelle basierend auf Haupt- und Spurenelementen deuten darauf hin, da\ der Rhyolit entweder durch fraktionierte Kristallisation des Andesits entstand oder durch Anatexis junger Kruste im Bereich der Amphibolit-Fazies.

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Résumé L'activité magmatique au Précambrien supérieur (575–600 Ma) dans le »North Eastern Desert« d'Egypte a engendré de grandes quantités de magmas bimodaux. De manière à préciser les relations entre fusions andésitiques et rhyolitiques, un dyke composite a été étudié.Ce dyke est constitué d'un coeur rhyolitique de 5 à 6 m, encadré de deux bordures andésitiques de 1,5 à 2 m. Les contacts indiquent que ces deux roches ont coexisté sous la forme de liquides porphyriques. Une datation Rb-Sr sur roche totale donne un âge de 591 Ma, mais avec une approximation importante. L'andésite et la rhyolite ont un mÊme rapport initial de 0,7032±2, indiquant une source à faible rapport Rb/Sr: manteau supérieur, croûte supérieure jeune ou croûte inférieure appauvrie. Les compositions des deux bordures andésitiques sont identiques et très semblables à celle des andésites de mÊme âge du complexe volcanique du Dokhan. De mÊme, la rhyolite a une composition semblable à celle des granites roses épizonaux. Ce dyke et d'autres du mÊme type représentent les voies d'alimentation des termes extrusifs et intrusifs superficiels de la série bimodale du »North Eastern Desert«.L'étude des éléments majeurs et en traces ne montre aucun mélange entre les roches du dyke. A l'exception des alcalino-terreux, il n'existe aucune indication de diffusion des éléments à travers le contact rhyolite — andésite. La distribution des terres rares montre que la genèse de l'andésite doit avoir laissé un résidu grenatifère: soit une lherzolite à grenat enrichie en terres rares légères et représentant moins de 10% de taux de fusion, soit une éclogite (jusqu'à 25% de taux de fusion) suivie d'un léger fractionnement à basse pression.La pétrogenèse de la rhyolite reste obscure. La répartition des éléments en traces et la différence de composition du plagioclase entre l'andésite et la rhyolite plaident contre une origine par immiscibilité. Les modèles tirés des éléments majeurs et en traces indiquent comme origine pour la rhyolite soit la cristallisation fractionnée de l'andésite, soit l'anatexie de matériaux crustaux jeunes dans les conditions du facies des amphibolites.

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, « - » . . 5–6 , 1,5–2 . , , . « », Rb/Sr, 591 , . ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0,7032 ± 2, : , , . ; Dokhan . (pink granite). , , , , - «- ». , - . - / . , , : 10% - , , 25% , . . . , , , , , .

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Some critical remarks on the analysis of phengite and paragonite components in muscovite by X-ray diffractometry     

U. Naef  W. B. Stern 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1982,79(4):355-360

In the past lattice parameters b and c of muscovite s.1. from pelitic schists have been used to determine its phengite and paragonite component. A critical review of the literature and of some new data shows, however,

that a convincing statistical correlation between these physical and chemical properties does not exist

that an eventual trend-like correlation cannot be used for a quantitative analysis of phengite and/or paragonite components in muscovite.

Obviously further factors influence the lattice parameters of muscovite s.1., besides octahedral and interlayer chemistry.  相似文献   

Regional distribution of white K-mica polymorphs and their phengite content in the Central Alps     

M. Frey  J. C. Hunziker  E. Jäger  W. B. Stern 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1983,83(1-2):185-197

Some 150 white K-micas from the Central Alps were analysed for their polymorph and phengite content. Pre-Alpine white K-micas and those belonging to the Meso-Alpine Lepontine Metamorphic “High” show exclusively the 2M₁ polymorph. The 3T structural form, on the other hand, has been found in one third of the white K-micas formed during the Alpine regional metamorphism. In most cases this trigonal structure coexists with varying amounts of the 2M₁ form. The 3T distribution pattern suggests that this polymorph originated during the Eo-Alpine high-pressure/“low temperature” metamorphism. Provided this interpretation is correct, the sporadic occurrence of this polymorph within the Meso-Alpine staurolite zone may be used as a tracer for the Eo-Alpine metamorphism. The following improved correlation between the (060, 331) reflections of 2M₁ white K-micas and the RM-content (= 2Fe₂O₃+FeO+MgO in molar proportions), based on 24 micas from granitoid rocks, is presented: d(060, 331)= 1.498+0.082 RM. The phengite content of Alpine white K-micas belonging to the assemblage muscovite-biotite-K-feldspar-quartz was estimated from RM values or derived from chemical analyses and was found to be clearly related to metamorphic grade. Phengite-rich micas were formed during the Eo-Alpine high-P/“ low-T” metamorphism while aluminous muscovite was found within the Meso-Alpine thermal high of the Lepontine gneiss area. White K-micas from areas which underwent both the Eo-Alpine and the Meso-Alpine metamorphism display variable phengite contents. Although these micas show Tertiary Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages, the variable phengite content presumably reflects conditions during the Eo-Alpine high-P/“low-T” metamorphism. This interpretation implies that the cations occupying the interlayer positions are more easily equilibrated than those in octahedral and tetrahedral structural sites. A compilation of 3T white K-mica occurrences described in the literature is given in the appendix.  相似文献   

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a small, herbivorous, arctic marine zooplankton (Calanus hyperboreus): trends from April to July and the influence of lipids and trophic transfer   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Fisk AT  Stern GA  Hobson KA  Strachan WJ  Loewen MD  Norstrom RJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,43(1-6):93-101

Samples of Calanus hyperboreus, a herbivorous copepod, were collected (n = 20) between April and July 1998, and water samples (n = 6) were collected in May 1998, in the Northwater Polynya (NOW) to examine persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a high Arctic marine zooplankton. Lipid content (dry weight) doubled, water content (r2 = 0.88) and delta15N (r2 = 0.54) significantly decreased, and delta13C significantly increased (r2 = 0.30) in the C. hyperboreus over the collection period allowing an examination of the role of these variables in POP dynamics in this small pelagic zooplankton. The rank and concentrations of POP groups in C. hyperboreus over the entire sampling was sum of PCB (30.1 +/- 4.03 ng/g, dry weight) > sum of HCH (11.8 +/- 3.23) > sum of DDT (4.74 +/- 0.74), sum of CHLOR (4.44 +/- 1.0) > sum of CIBz (2.42 +/- 0.18), although these rankings varied considerably over the summer. The alpha- and gamma-HCH and lower chlorinated PCB congeners were the most common POPs in C. hyperboreus. The relationship between bioconcentration factor (BCF) and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) observed for the C. hyperboreus was linear and near 1:1 (slope = 0.72) for POPs with a log Kow between 3 and 6 but curvilinear when hydrophobic POPs (log Kow > 6) were included. Concentrations of sum of HCH. Sum of CHLOR and sum of CIBz increased over the sampling period, but no change in sum of PCB or sum of DDT was observed. After removing the effects of time, the variables lipid content, water content, delta15N and delta13C did not describe POP concentrations in C. hyperboreus. These results suggest that hydrophobic POP (log Kow = 3.86.0) concentrations in zooplankton are likely to reflect water concentrations and that POPs do not biomagnify in C. hyperboreus or likely in other small, herbivorous zooplankton.  相似文献   

A summary of sulfur dioxide emission rate measuremnts from Guatemalan volcanoes     

RJ Andres  WI Rose  RE Stoiber  SN Williams  O Matías  R Morales 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1993,55(5):379-388

Measurements of the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission rate from three Guatemalan volcanoes provide data which are consistent with theoretical and laboratory studies of eruptive and shallow magma chamber processes. In particular, unerupted magma makes a major contribution to the measured SO₂ emission rates at Santiaguito, a continuously erupting dacitic volcanic dome. Varying shallow magma convection rates can explain the variations in SO₂ emission rates at Santiaguito. At Fuego, a basaltic volcano currently in repose, SO₂ emission rate measurements are consistent with a high level magma body that is crystallizing and releasing volatiles. At Pacaya, a continuously erupting basaltic volcano, recent SO₂ emission rate measurements support laboratory simulation studies of strombolian eruptions; these studies indicate that the majority of gas escapes during eruptions and little gas escapes between eruptions.Average SO₂ emission rates over the last 20 years for Santiaguito, Fuego and Pacaya are 80, 160 and 260 Mg/d, respectively. On a global scale, these three volcanoes account for 1% of the annual global volcanic output of SO₂. Santiaguito and Pacaya, together, emit 6% of the total annual SO₂ emitted by continuously erupting volcanoes.Even though SO₂ measurements at these volcanoes have been made infrequently and by different investigators, the collective data help to establish a useful baseline by which to judge future changes. A more complete record of SO₂ emission rates from these volcanoes could lead to a better understanding of their eruption mechanisms and reduce the impact of their future eruptions on Guatemalan society.  相似文献   

Water-saturated and undersaturated melting relations of a granite to 35 kilobars     

C.R. Stern  P.J. Wyllie 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1973,18(1):163-167

Biotite granite from the Sierra Nevada batholith was reacted, with known water contents in sealed platinum capsules, in a piston-cylinder apparatus between 10 and 35 kb. With the liquid just over-saturated with respect to water, temperatures for solidus and liquidus (quartz/coesite-out curve), respectively, are: 2 kb, 680°C, 715°C; 10 kb, 620°C, 725°C; 25 kb, 655°C, 800°C; 35 kb, 700°C, 850°C. The temperature interval is 35°C at 2 kb, 105°C at 10 kb, and 150°C at 35 kb, indicating that granite departs from a eutectic composition at depths greater than about 40–50 km. We conclude that crystal-liquid equilibria are not likely to yield primary rhyolite or granite magmas by partial fusion of oceanic crust in subduction zones. The solubility of water in granite liquids, in wt%, is 22.5 ± 2.5 at 25 kb and 810°C and 27 ± 2.5 at 35 kb and 850°C. These results indicate that a miscibility gap persists between water-saturated silicate magmas and aqueous vapor phase at least to pressures corresponding to 100 km depth in the mantle. The formation of kyanite near the liquidus of water over-saturated granite indicates that the aqueous vapor phase is enriched in alkalis and possibly silica, relative to the condensed phases.  相似文献