Spatial–temporal variability and hydrologic connectivity of runoff generation areas in a North Alabama pasture—implications for phosphorus transport     

Sumit Sen  Puneet Srivastava  Jacob H. Dane  Kyung H. Yoo  Joey N. Shaw 《水文研究》2010,24(3):342-356

This study delineated spatially and temporally variable runoff generation areas in the Sand Mountain region pasture of North Alabama under natural rainfall conditions, and demonstrated that hydrologic connectivity is important for generating hillslope response when infiltration‐excess (IE) runoff mechanism dominates. Data from six rainfall events (13·7–32·3 mm) on an intensively instrumented pasture hillslope (0·12 ha) were analysed. Analysis of data from surface runoff sensors, tipping bucket rain gauge and HS‐flume demonstrated spatial and temporal variability in runoff generation areas. Results showed that the maximum runoff generation area, which contributed to runoff at the outlet of the hillslope, varied between 67 and 100%. Furthermore, because IE was the main runoff generation mechanism on the hillslope, the data showed that as the rainfall intensity changed during a rainfall event, the runoff generation areas expanded or contracted. During rainfall events with high‐intensity short‐ to medium‐duration, 4–8% of total rainfall was converted to runoff at the outlet. Rainfall events with medium‐ to low‐intensity, medium‐duration were found less likely to generate runoff at the outlet. In situ soil hydraulic conductivity (k) was measured across the hillslope, which confirmed its effect on hydrologic connectivity of runoff generation areas. Combined surface runoff sensor and k‐interpolated data clearly showed that during a rainfall event, lower k areas generate runoff first, and then, depending on rainfall intensity, runoff at the outlet is generated by hydrologically connected areas. It was concluded that in IE‐runoff‐dominated areas, rainfall intensity and k can explain hydrologic response. The study demonstrated that only connected areas of low k values generate surface runoff during high‐intensity rainfall events. Identification of these areas would serve as an important foundation for controlling nonpoint source pollutant transport, especially phosphorus. The best management practices can be developed and implemented to reduce transport of phosphorus from these hydrologically connected areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Integrated approach for demarcating the fracture zone for well site location : A case study near Gumla and Lohardaga,Bihar     

B. K. Sinha  Ashok Kumar  Deepak Shrivastava  Sanjay Srivastava 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1990,18(3):1-8

In recent years satellite remote sensing techniques have greatly aided identification of fractures/joints/faults in connection with groundwater exploration. However, due to some constraints in filtering out the type of fracture i.e. shear fracture, tensional fracture, mineralised fracture etc. as to their “open or closed” nature from groundwater aspects, there is need of adding geophysical survey, particularly resistivity survey to further enhance the accuracy, and hence minimise drilling failures. The area under study is a part of Ranchi plateau and lithologically comprising of granite-gneiss. The present paper lays stress on an integrated approach for localising well sites through satellite data analysis and resistivity profiling along with vertical electrical sounding which is based on fracture patterns. With this combined effort i.e. firstly considering the surfacial features like drainage, geomorpho-logy, lithology and lineaments, and secondly taking into account geophysical survey aspects, i.e. depth and thickness of fracture zone, lateral extent, different layer parameter, etc., fairly accurate results are achieved. In the presnt study this type of an integrated survey has been carried out in Lohardaga and Gumla districts in Bihar, the results of which are highlighted in the paper.  相似文献   

Water Quality,Phytoplankton Diversity and Production in G. B. Pant Sagar at Rihand Dam,Pipri     

N. K. Srivastava  R. S. Ambasht  R. Kumar 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1991,19(5):529-538

The man made reservoir, G. B. Pant Sagar at the dam site (24° 15′ N Lat) in the South Mirzapur district of eastern U. P. was investigated in terms of water quality, phytoplankton diversity and production at monthly intervals between January 1987 and December 1987. The reservoir water showed low to moderate dissolved oxygen (4.3 … 7.5 mg/l) and quite low nutrient contents (0.01-0.2 mg l^?1). Phytoplankton diversity narrowly fluctuated (3.17-3.74) and mean annual production (149.7 g/m³ · aC) showed a meso- to eutrophic condition. A significant positive correlation was obtained between gross production and phytoplankton density (r = 0.79; P < 0.001) Multiple regression equation (GPP = 11.292 + 0.043 BAC + 0.075 CHL + 0.073 CYN) indicates that Chlorophyta contributed more to gross production due to the presence of a higher number of individuals.  相似文献   

Predation Efficacy of Larvivorus Fishes on Cyclops,Transmitting Dracunculiasis     

D. Prakash  R. C. Srivastava 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1989,17(2):179-188

The predatory potentiality of G. affinis and P. reticulata fishes on cyclops was tested by ‘no-choice’ and ‘choice’ experiments. In ‘no-choice’ experiments predation increased significantly with the number of cyclops exposed (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 preys) and decreased with the increase in the water volume (1, 2 and 3 litres) in case of both the fishes. A similar trend for cyclops predation was observed in ‘choice’ experiments. The relative rate of predation of G. affinis and P. reticulata was more in ‘no-choice’ as compared to in ‘choice’ experiments. However, the predatory efficacy of G. affinis was relatively higher than that of P. reticulata in all the experiments. The comparative rate of predation on three zooplanktons by G. affinis and P. reticulata showed that Daphnia spec. was most susceptible to predation by both the fishes. It was followed by calanoids and the least preferred prey being cyclops.  相似文献   

Geocentric indian geodetic datum by astrogeodetic — gravimetric method using smoothened geoidal heights     

A. M. C. Srivastava 《Journal of Geodesy》1984,58(4):510-517

The astrogeodetic—gravimetric method based on the principle of least—squares solution has been used to determine the geocentric Indian geodetic datum making use of the available nongeocentric astrogeodetic data and the gravimetric geocentric geoidal heights in the form of smoothened values. Everett's method of interpolation has been used to obtain the smoothened geoidal heights at the astrogeodetic stations in India from the available generalized values at 1°×1° corners. The values of the geoidal height and deflections of the vertical at the geodetic datum Kalianpur H.S. so obtained have the negligible difference from the values computed earlier by the same method using directly computed gravimetric geoidal heights at the astrogeodetic stations, indicating that the use of the interpolated values in the astrogeodetic—gravimetric method employed would be an economical approach of absolute orientation of a nongeocentric system if the gravimetric geoidal heights are available at 1°×1° corners in the area of interest.  相似文献   

Analysis of Hydraulic Conductivity Averaging Schemes for One-Dimensional, Steady-State Unsaturated Flow     

Rajesh Srivastava  Amado Guzman-Guzman 《Ground water》1995,33(6):946-952

  相似文献   

On the interpretation of the distinctive pattern of geomagnetic induction observed in northwest India     

F.H. Chamalaun  S.N. Prasad  F.E.M. Lilley  B.J. Srivastava  B.P. Singh  B.R. Arora 《Tectonophysics》1987,140(2-4):247-255

The geomagnetic variation data from the 1979 Indian array experiment have been reanalyzed and reexamined using the hypothetical event analysis technique. The contour map of the |Z/H ratio replicates distinctive anomaly in northwest India previously delineated in maps of the Fourier coefficients. The anomaly reveals the presence of a significant conductor under the Ganga basin. The contour map has been used to derive a response profile perpendicular to the strike of the anomaly, for comparison with 2-D numerical models. An excellent fit was found for a conductor at a depth of 32 km, with a width of 110 km and a conductivity contrast of 1000. This result places the conductor deep within the lithosphere. In the absence of supporting data the origin of the conductor is difficult to resolve. However, it is thought to be related to pressure-released partial melting, caused by fracturing of the Indian crust during the collision of India with Asia.  相似文献   

Comparative Toxicity of Certain Non-Insecticidal Chemicals to Mesocyclops leuckarti,the Carrier Host of Dracunculosis     

S. Mehta  A. N. Gupta  R. C. Srivastava 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1982,10(4):361-365

The relative toxicities of seven non insecticidal chemicals to Mesocyclops leuckarti were tested. The relative toxicity of each chemical is given as under: Chlorine water > Potassium permanganate > Cetavlon > Quicklime > Common alum > Savlon > Sodium bicarbonate.  相似文献   

Precambrian phosphorites in the Bijawar rocks of Hirapur-Bassia areas,sagar district,madhya pradesh,India     

D. M. Banerjee  M. W. Y. Khan  Neeta Srivastava  G. C. Saigal 《Mineralium Deposita》1982,17(3):349-362

The Precambrian phosphorites of Bijawar Group of rocks show characteristics of a epicontinental sea with restricted and very shallow marine environment of formation along some shoals, which existed during the iron-rich Precambrian times. These phosphorite deposits located in the Hirapur-Bassia areas show extensive leaching of carbonate and phosphate minerals during episodes of weathering. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that carbonate-flourapatite is the major apatitic phase in these phosphorites while crandallite developed on the surface outcrops. There is a general tendency for the depletion of CO₂ in these apatites leading to formation of flourapatite. This CO₂ is an indicator of hidden weathering in the rocks. Major and trace element determinations of phosphorite have been used to indicate various correlation factors responsible for the concentration of elements in these Precambrian leached phosphorites.The paper is a contribution to the aims and objectives of IGCP Project 156The paper is dedicated to Prof. Dr. R. C. Misra, who as a teacher and guide had been a source of inspiration to the senior author for the last two decades  相似文献   

Sea navigation, challenges and potentials in South East Asia: an assessment of suitable sites for a shipping canal in the South Thai Isthmus     

Rajesh B. Thapa  Michiro Kusanagi  Akira Kitazumi  Yuji Murayama 《GeoJournal》2007,70(2-3):161-172

This paper discusses the situation of sea navigation in south East Asia focusing on the Strait of Malacca. The strait links the Indian and Pacific oceans, which is considered one of the busiest in several narrow channels around the world. The paper highlights the significance of the strait to global maritime trade, volume of traffic, and rising environmental and social consequences in the strait. A feasibility study of constructing a new shipping canal in the South Thai Kra Isthmus as an alternative option of Malacca route had been studied since 19th century. The paper explores suitable sites for a potential shipping canal in the Kra Isthmus using physiographic spatial data i.e., elevation, sea charts, geology, soils and river systems. Each spatial data was considered as a separate decision variable for site evaluation. Separate evaluation criterions were prepared for each variable based on shipping canal requirements. Overlaying the maps in GIS environment, the variables were carefully evaluated, and five geographic sites for the canal were derived. The length of the shipping canal over sea and land was computed for each site. Site B located in south of Ranong and Chumphon provinces, was the shortest one, whereas site C in Surat Thani, Pangnna and Krabi provinces was the longest. However, each site consisted of benefits and constraints.  相似文献