Assessment of groundwater recharge processes through karst vadose zone by cave percolation monitoring          下载免费PDF全文

Amaël Poulain  Arnaud Watlet  Olivier Kaufmann  Michel Van Camp  Hervé Jourde  Naomi Mazzilli  Gaëtan Rochez  Romain Deleu  Yves Quinif  Vincent Hallet 《水文研究》2018,32(13):2069-2083

Recharge processes of karst aquifers are difficult to assess given their strong heterogeneity and the poorly known effect of vadose zone on infiltration. However, recharge assessment is crucial for the evaluation of groundwater resources. Moreover, the vulnerability of karst aquifers depends on vadose zone behaviour because it is the place where most contamination takes place. In this work, an in situ experimental approach was performed to identify and quantify flow and storage processes occurring in karst vadose zone. Cave percolation monitoring and dye tracing were used to investigate unsaturated zone hydrological processes. Two flow components (diffuse and quick) were identified and, respectively, account for 66% and 34% of the recharge. Quickflow was found to be the result of bypass phenomenon in vadose zone related to water saturation. We identify the role of epikarst as a shunting area, most of the storage in the vadose zone occurring via the diffuse flow component in low permeability zones. Relationship between rainfall intensity and transit velocity was demonstrated, with 5 times higher velocities for the quick recharge mode than the diffuse mode. Modelling approach with KarstMod software allowed to simulate the hybrid recharge through vadose zone and shows promising chances to properly assess the recharge processes in karst aquifer based on simple physical models.  相似文献   

Book review     

Noël Dolez 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1994,58(4):405-407

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A priori fully populated covariance matrices in least-squares adjustment—case study: GPS relative positioning     

Gaël Kermarrec  Steffen Schön 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(5):465-484

In this contribution, using the example of the Mátern covariance matrices, we study systematically the effect of apriori fully populated variance covariance matrices (VCM) in the Gauss–Markov model, by varying both the smoothness and the correlation length of the covariance function. Based on simulations where we consider a GPS relative positioning scenario with double differences, the true VCM is exactly known. Thus, an accurate study of parameters deviations with respect to the correlation structure is possible. By means of the mean-square error difference of the estimates obtained with the correct and the assumed VCM, the loss of efficiency when the correlation structure is missspecified is considered. The bias of the variance of unit weight is moreover analysed. By acting independently on the correlation length, the smoothness, the batch length, the noise level, or the design matrix, simulations allow to draw conclusions on the influence of these different factors on the least-squares results. Thanks to an adapted version of the Kermarrec–Schön model, fully populated VCM for GPS phase observations are computed where different correlation factors are resumed in a global covariance model with an elevation dependent weighting. Based on the data of the EPN network, two studies for different baseline lengths validate the conclusions of the simulations on the influence of the Mátern covariance parameters. A precise insight into the impact of apriori correlation structures when the VCM is entirely unknown highlights that both the correlation length and the smoothness defined in the Mátern model are important to get a lower loss of efficiency as well as a better estimation of the variance of unit weight. Consecutively, correlations, if present, should not be neglected for accurate test statistics. Therefore, a proposal is made to determine a mean value of the correlation structure based on a rough estimation of the Mátern parameters via maximum likelihood estimation for some chosen time series of observations. Variations around these mean values show to have little impact on the least-squares results. At the estimates level, the effect of varying the parameters of the fully populated VCM around these approximated values was confirmed to be nearly negligible (i.e. a mm level for strong correlations and a submm level otherwise).  相似文献   

Calcite and dolomite in intrusive carbonatites. II. Trace-element variations     

Anton R. Chakhmouradian  Ekaterina P. Reguir  Christopher Couëslan  Panseok Yang 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2016,110(2-3):361-377

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Storm Surges in the Strait of Georgia Simulated with a Regional Model     

Nancy Soontiens  Susan E. Allen  Doug Latornell  Kate Le Souëf  Idalia Machuca  Jean-Philippe Paquin 《大气与海洋》2016,54(1):1-21

The Strait of Georgia is a large, semi-enclosed body of water between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia connected to the Pacific Ocean via Juan de Fuca Strait at the south and Johnstone Strait at the north. During the winter months, coastal communities along the Strait of Georgia are at risk of flooding caused by storm surges, a natural hazard that can occur when a strong storm coincides with high tide. This investigation produces storm surge hindcasts using a three-dimensional numerical ocean model for the Strait of Georgia and the surrounding bodies of water (Juan de Fuca Strait, Puget Sound, and Johnstone Strait) collectively known as the Salish Sea. The numerical model employs the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean architecture in a regional configuration. The model is evaluated through comparisons of tidal elevation harmonics and storm surge with observations. Important forcing factors contributing to storm surges are assessed. It is shown that surges entering the domain from the Pacific Ocean make the most significant contribution to surge amplitude within the Strait of Georgia. Comparisons between simulations and high-resolution and low-resolution atmospheric forcing further emphasize that remote forcing is the dominant factor in surge amplitudes in this region. In addition, local wind patterns caused a slight increase in surge amplitude on the mainland side of the Strait of Georgia compared with Vancouver Island coastal areas during a major wind storm on 15 December 2006. Generally, surge amplitudes are found to be greater within the Strait of Georgia than in Juan de Fuca Strait.  相似文献   

Seasonal influence of the sea surface temperature on the low atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the eastern equatorial Atlantic     

Rémi Meynadier  Gaëlle de Coëtlogon  Marion Leduc-Leballeur  Laurence Eymard  Serge Janicot 《Climate Dynamics》2016,47(3-4):1127-1142

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Multi-fidelity meta-modeling for reservoir engineering - application to history matching     

Arthur Thenon  Véronique Gervais  Mickaële Le Ravalec 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(6):1231-1250

Defining representative reservoir models usually calls for a huge number of fluid flow simulations, which may be very time-consuming. Meta-models are built to lessen this issue. They approximate a scalar function from the values simulated for a set of uncertain parameters. For time-dependent outputs, a reduced-basis approach can be considered. If the resulting meta-models are accurate, they can be called instead of the flow simulator. We propose here to investigate a specific approach named multi-fidelity meta-modeling to reduce further the simulation time. We assume that the outputs of interest are known at various levels of resolution: a fine reference level, and coarser levels for which computations are faster but less accurate. Multi-fidelity meta-models refer to co-kriging to approximate the outputs at the fine level using the values simulated at all levels. Such an approach can save simulation time by limiting the number of fine level simulations. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of multi-fidelity for reservoir engineering. The reduced-basis approach for time-dependent outputs is extended to the multi-fidelity context. Then, comparisons with the more usual kriging approach are proposed on a synthetic case, both in terms of computation time and predictivity. Meta-models are computed to evaluate the production responses at wells and the mismatch between the data and the simulated responses (history matching error), considering two levels of resolution. The results show that the multi-fidelity approach can outperform kriging if the target simulation time is small. Last, its potential is evidenced when used for history matching.  相似文献   

Relay zone evolution: a history of repeated fault propagation and linkage,central Corinth rift,Greece          下载免费PDF全文

Romain Hemelsdaël  Mary Ford 《Basin Research》2016,28(1):34-56

Established models indicate that, before being breached, relay zones along rift borders can evolve either by lengthening and rotating during progressive overlap of growing fault segments (isolated fault model), or, by simply rotating without lengthening before breaching (coherent fault model). The spatio‐temporal distribution of vertical motions in a relay zone can thus be used to distinguish fault growth mechanisms. Depositional relay zones that develop at sea level and accommodate both deposition on the ramp itself as well as transfer of sediments from the uplifting footwall into the hangingwall depocentres and provide the most complete record of vertical motions. We examine the development of a depositional relay ramp on the border of the active Corinth rift, Greece to reconstruct fault interaction in time and space using both onshore and offshore (2D seismic lines) data. The Akrata relay zone developed over a period of ca. 0.5 Myr since the Middle Pleistocene between the newly forming East Helike Fault (EHF) that propagated towards the older, more established Derveni Fault (DF). The relay zone captured the Krathis River, which deposited prograding Gilbert‐type deltas on the sub‐horizontal ramp. Successive oblique faults record progressive linkage and basinward migration of accommodation along the ramp axis, whereas marine terraces record diachronous uplift in their footwalls. Although early linkage of the relay zone occurs, continuous propagation and linkage of the EHF onto the static DF is recorded before final beaching. Rotation on forced folds above the upward and laterally propagating normal faults at the borders of the relay zone represents the ramp hinges. The Akrata relay zone cannot be compared directly to a simple fault growth model because (1) the relay zone connects two fault segments of different generations; (2) multiple linkages during propagation was facilitated by the presence of pre‐existing crustal structures, inherited from the Hellenide fold and thrust belt. The linkage of the EHF to the DF contributed to the westward and northward propagation of the southern rift border.  相似文献   

Sur une advection intermittente d'air froid dans les Alpes suisses     

Dr. ès sc. M. Bouët 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1965,14(3):306-312

Résumé Le 21 août 1954, un fort courant du Sud-Ouest en bordure d'un îlot d'air froid stationnaire sur la France provoque une baisse lente de température dans la région des Alpes suisses ainsi que d'abondantes précipitations de mélange et d'instabilité pseudolabile. La progression de l'air froid se fait de façon discontinue et s'accompagne de rapides variations de pression dues en partie à l'instabilité troposphérique.

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Summary On August 21, 1954, an intense south-western current produced at the border of a stationary cold air pool over France a slow drop in temperature in the Swiss Alps with abundant precipitations of mixing and pseudo-labile instability. The cold air advanced, discontinuously and was accompanied by rapid pressure variations partly due to tropospherical instability.

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Zusammenfassung Am 21. August 1954 erzeugte eine starke Südwestströmung am Rande eines stationären Kaltlufttropfens über Frankreich in den Schweinzer Alpen einen langsamen Temperaturfall mit ergiebigen Mischungs- und pseudolabilen Instabilitätsniederschlägen. Das Vorrücken der Kaltluft erfolgte in diskontinuierlicher Weise und war von schnellen Druckschwankungen begleitet, die teilweise auf die troposphärische Instabilität zurückzuführen sind.

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Avec 2 Figures  相似文献   

Some remarks on the field-strength inside thunderclouds     

Prof. Dr. H. Israël 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1951,20(1):177-180

Summary The potential-gradient in thunderclouds is — due to the experiences up to now — generally much lower than expected. As an explanation for this limitation of the potential-gradient may be assumed that the elements of the clouds and the precipitation are sparkling («sprühen»). This would stabilize the voltage because it works as an automatically regulated load for the thunderstorm-generator. When this regulation suspends it will be replaced by the lightning as the last possibility of compensation. The fact that thunderclouds can be radared may be taken as a confirmation of the fact that a sparkling-effect exists in these clouds.

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Zusammenfassung Nach bisherigen Erfahrungen ist die elektrische Feldstärke in den Gewitterwolken im allgemeinen wesentlich geringer als man erwarten sollte. Eine Erklärung für diese Feldstärkebegrenzung kann man in dem an den Wolken- und Niederschlagselementen anzunehmenden Sprühen sehen. Dieses wirkt als eine sich automatisch regutierende Belastung der Gewittermaschine, also spannungsstabilisierend. Setzt diese Regelung aus, so tritt an ihre Stelle gewissermassen als letzte Ausgleichsmöglichkeit der Blitz. Die Ortungsmöglichkeit von Gewitterwolken mittels Radar kann als Bestätigung des Sprühens in Gewitterwolken gelten.

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