Earthquake damage identification: a case study using soft classification approach     

Sandeep Singh Sengar  Sanjay Kumar Ghosh  Anil Kumar  Hans Raj Wason 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(3):1307-1322

The October 8, 2005, Kashmir earthquake (M _w 7.6) affected the rough mountainous regions of India and Pakistan with poor accessibility, and thus, no proper comprehensive ground survey was possible. However, due to the ability of remote sensing technology to acquire spectral measurements of damaged areas at various spatial and temporal scales, extraction of damaged areas can be carried out quickly and with great reliability. The fuzzy-based classifiers [Possibilistic c-Means (PCM), noise cluster (NC), and NC with entropy (NCE)] were applied to identify 2005 Kashmir earthquake, induced landslides, as well as built-up damage (BD) areas, as soft computing approaches using supervised classification. Results indicate that for the identification of landslides and BD areas, NCE classifier generated the best outputs, while for the identification of built-up undamaged areas, NC classifier generated the best output. Further, it was found that the proposed Class Based Sensor Independent (CBSI) technique can improve spectral information of specific class for better identification.  相似文献   

Modeling the behaviour of alluvial and blasted quarried rockfill materials     

N. P. Honkanadavar  Nripendra Kumar  Murari Ratnam 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2014,32(4):1001-1015

Two types of modeled rockfill materials were collected from Renuka dam site, Himachal Pradesh, India and Salma dam site, Afghanistan. The rockfill material collected from Renuka dam site is rounded to sub-rounded in shape and the rockfill material collected from Salma dam site is angular to sub-angular in shape. The prototype gradation rockfill material consists maximum particle size larger than 1,000 mm. Therefore, for carrying out laboratory testing and modeling the bahaviour, the prototype rockfill material is scaled down to the maximum particle size (d_max) of 25, 50 and 80 mm for both projects material using parallel gradation technique. Triaxial compression and Index properties tests were conducted on both project rockfill materials and are presented. From the triaxial behaviour, it is observed that the stress–strain behaviour is non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent for both the materials. The material compresses during the initial shearing and shows dilation effect with further shearing. It is observed that the ?-value for alluvial rockfill material increases with increase in d_max and reverse trend is observed for blasted quarried rockfill material which shows the importance of the type of material. The stress–strain-volume change behaviour of both projects modeled rockfill material was predicted by using hierarchical single surface (HISS) model based on elasto plasticity and compared with the laboratory test results. From the comparison, it is observed that both results match closely. It is, therefore, suggested that the behaviour of both types of rockfill materials can be characterized successfully using HISS model.  相似文献   

On anomalously high sub-surface dissolved oxygen in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean     

Prakash  Prince  Prakash  Satya  Ravichandran  M.  Kumar  N. Anil  Bhaskar  T. V. S. Udaya 《Journal of Oceanography》2022,78(5):369-380

The Southern Ocean (SO) plays a critical role in global ocean productivity and carbon cycling. Bio-Argo floats deployed in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean provides new insights into the biogeochemical processes. Here we report significantly higher dissolved oxygen(DO) (~?310 μmol/kg) in summer of 2014–2015 for one float (F1) and winter of 2014 in other float (F2) at sub-surface layer in the subantarctic region of the SO. The summer DO peak in F1 was 10% higher than those during the summer of succeeding year, while the winter DO peak in F2 was 20% higher than those during the winter of succeeding year. Temperature and dynamic height structure show that cyclonic eddies play an important role in the observed increase in the dissolved oxygen: the high DO is a manifestation of the co-occurrence of a cold core eddy which transported the cold oxygen rich water from deep to the surface during winter, while, during summer, the high chlorophyll below the mixed layer depth (MLD) also contributed to the elevated DO. Low apparent oxygen utilisation suggests that the observed high oxygen concentration was due to high production rates over the consumption.

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Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve,Sunsari District,Nepal     

Deepa KARKI  Nabin POUDEL  Sweta DIXIT  Sijar BHATTA  Bharat GOTAME  Man Kumar DHAMALA  Dipak KHADKA 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(6):1022-1029

Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Sunsari District, Nepal. Data were collected from 47 respondents of different households through questionnaire surveys and formal and informal interviews. Results revealed that the most destructive wild animals were wild elephants, wild boar, and wild water buffalo and the most raided crops were paddy (63.83 %), maize (19.15%), and potato (17.02%). Most of the encounters between humans and wildlife were recorded at night (after dusk and before dawn) (78.72%). Local people were suffering from damage of physical properties, human harassment or nuisance, and depredation of cropland due to wild animals. A total of 70% of respondents had a positive attitude towards conservation despite disturbing human mortality records (22 deaths in the last five years) from the reserve area and surrounding. Awareness of wildlife behavior together with conservation and easy access to compensation schemes were suggested to minimize conflicts in the area.  相似文献   

Bootstrap aggregating approach to short-term load forecasting using meteorological parameters for demand side management in the North-Eastern Region of India     

Sarkar  Dipu  Ao  Taliakum  Gunturi  Sravan Kumar 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2022,148(3-4):1111-1125

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Electricity is an essential commodity that must be generated in response to demand. Hydroelectric power plants, fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and wind energy...  相似文献   

Geosciences of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet orogen     

Soumyajit Mukherjee  Barun Kumar Mukherjee  Rasmus C. Thiede 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(7):1757-1758

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000340     

Suman Kilaru  Bandaru Karunakar  Goud Vijay  Kumar Rao 《地学前缘(英文版)》2013,4(6):717-728

Regional surface gravity data and global satellite magnetic data have been utilized to generate a preliminary model of the crustal structure along a southwest-northeast profile （Gadra-Fatehpur） through western Rajasthan.The study area represents the western part of the Indian continental landmass which has undergone several major episodes of repeated subduction/collision,plume traces and rifting from Archaean to recent times.The temporal and spatial relationship between the various geotectonic provinces is quite complex,thereby limiting the emergence of a suitable crustal structure model for this region.Exposures of the Malani Igneous Suite （MIS）,a product of bimodal volcanism （～780 Ma）,and considered to be the third largest felsic magmatic province of the world,is evident along the profile and also to the southwest of the study area.The easternmost part of the profile is close to the DAFB （Delhi Aravalli Fold Belt）,a Proterozoic orogenic belt.This study probes the geometry of the different crustal units in terms of density and susceptibility variations in order to decipher the imprints of the major tectonic processes the region has undergone.In order to decipher the crustal geometry of the Gadra-Fatehpur profile,two NW-SE gravity and magnetic profile vertical sections （A-A＇ in the south and B-B＇ in the north） are modelled on the basis of the constraints provided from previous seismic models.The crustal model of the Gadra-Fatehpur profile is composed of alluvium,Tertiary sediments,MIS,Marwar Supergroup,low-density layers （LDLs） and the middle-lower crustal layers,with a distinct change in configuration from the southwest to northeast.The Moho dips from SW to NE,the MIS in the SW gives way to the thick pile of the Marwar Supergroup to the NE.The evolution of MIS has been suggested to have occurred as a consequence of delamination of the upper mantle.LDLs are incorporated in Gadra-Fatehpur model.In the SW,LDL （2550 kg/m3） lies below the MIS in the NE,another LDL （2604 kg/m3） is depicted below the mid-crustal layer.  相似文献   

Effect of extracellular polymeric substances on sludge reduction potential of Bacillus licheniformis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Merrylin  S. Kaliappan  S. Adish Kumar  I. T. Yeom  Banu J. Rajesh 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(1):85-92

The disposal of wastewater sludge generated during the treatment of the various municipal and industrial wastewaters is a major environmental problem. In this study the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis, which enhances the efficiency of sludge reduction, was isolated from waste activated sludge acclimated to 55 °C. The resulting suspended solids’ degradation was 12 % and chemical oxygen demand solubilization was 18 %. To further enhance the sludge reduction potential, extra polymeric substances, which play a major role in the formation of flocs, were removed. A chemical extractant, ethylenediaminetetraacetate that is also a cation binding agent, was used to remove the extra polymeric substances. After the removal of extra polymeric substances, the suspended solids’ degradation increased from 12 to 23 % and the chemical oxygen demand solubilization increased from 18 to 25 %. These observations confirm that Bacillus licheniformis enhanced sludge reduction in non-flocculated sludge (with the removal of extra polymeric substances) as compared to flocculated sludge (without the removal of extra polymeric substances).  相似文献   

The radius spectrum of solid grains settling in gaseous giant protoplanets     

G. C. Paul  M. M. Rahman  D. Kumar  M. C. Barman 《Earth Science Informatics》2013,6(3):137-144

Growth of grains having different initial sizes (10^?3 cm?≤?r ₀?≤?1 cm) has been investigated by coagulation processes inside gas giant protoplanets, formed by disk instability, in the mass range 0.3 to 10 Jovian masses. In doing so, we have determined distribution of thermodynamic variables inside the protoplanets and using the results we have determined growth of the grains having assumed initial sizes. Regarding the transference of heat inside the protoplanets, we have considered the possible two cases of interest, namely convection and conduction-radiation. The results of our calculation show that growth of the grains depends on protoplanetary masses and on initial states of the protoplanets and eventually all the grains having assumed different initial sizes acquire almost the same distribution in the central regions of respective protoplanets in the respective cases.  相似文献   

Arsenic mobilization in alluvial soils of Punjab, North–West India under flood irrigation practices     

H. S. Hundal  Kuldip Singh  Dhanwinder Singh  Raj Kumar 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(5):1637-1648

A laboratory investigation was carried out to examine the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization under flooded conditions (24 and 240 h) in 18 alluvial soils of Punjab, North–West India. Total dissolved As increased from a range of 3–16 μg L^?1 (mean 9 μg L^?1) to a range of 33–1,761 μg L^?1 (mean 392 μg L^?1) with the increase in flooding period from 24 to 240 h. The amount of As mobilization varied depending upon redox potential (pe) created by flooding conditions. After 24 h of flooded conditions, pe of soil water suspension ranged from ?1.75 to 0.77 (mean ?0.24). Increasing the flooding period to 240 h, pe of soil water suspension decreased in the range of ?4.49 to ?2.74 (mean ?3.29). Pourbaix diagram identified arsenate (HAsO₄ ^2?) as predominant species in most of the alluvial soil–water suspensions under oxidized conditions, after 24 h of equilibration period, which ultimately transformed to arsenite (H₃AsO₃ ⁰) after 240 h of anaerobic condition due to more reduced status. The solid phase identified was orpiment (As₂S₃). Identification of iron and manganese species in alluvial soil water suspension by Pourbaix diagram indicated decline in both soluble Fe²⁺ and SO₄ ^2? concentration due to the formation of iron sulfide mineral phase after 240 h under anaerobic conditions. In these soils, decline in soluble Fe was also due to the precipitation of vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O]. Elevated arsenic content and low pe value were measured in aquifers located in paddy growing fields comparative to aquifers of other sites. Large degree of variability in As concentrations was recorded in aquifers located at same sites. Thus, it is better to analyze each aquifer for their As content rather than to depends on the prediction on As content of neighbouring wells. The present investigation elucidates that flood irrigation practices in Punjab for growing paddy crop could induce the geochemical conditions favorable to mobilize arsenic from surface soils which could eventually elevate its content in the underlying shallow aquifers. Water abstracted from these aquifers by hand pumps or tube wells for drinking purposes could create hazards for local population due to loading with arsenic concentration above the safe limits. Thus, to avoid further contamination of shallow aquifers with arsenic, it is advisable to shift the flooded rice cultivation to other upland crops having lesser water requirement.  相似文献