Comparison of coronal emission-line structure and polarization     

Charles W. Querfeld  Raymond N. Smartt 《Solar physics》1984,91(2):299-310

Simultaneous observations obtained with the HAO/SPO coronal emission-line polarimeter and the new SPO emission-line coronagraph are compared. The polarimeter data are measured in the Fexiii (10747 Å) line and the coronagraph observations are recorded in the Fexiv (5303 Å) line. The polarimeter field-of-view is relatively coarse compared with the resolution limit of the coronagraph. Therefore, the observed coronal polarization cannot be related directly to the detailed loop structures that characterize the localized coronal distribution, but it is found that large-scale emission features have corresponding polarization signatures. Since the measured linear polarization vectors describe the projected magnetic field direction, as shown theoretically, it follows that the form of the large-scale coronal distribution describes corresponding magnetic field structures. Measured polarization values are consistent with those predicted theoretically. Interpretation of these data to obtain corresponding magnetic field directions suggests that the value usually accepted for iron abundance in the corona might be too large.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under contract AST 78-17292 with the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

Lunar ilmenite (Refinement of the crystal structure)     

K. N. Raymond  H. R. Wenk 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1971,30(2):135-140

The crystal structure of ilmenites from Mare Tranquillitatis and terrestrial basaltic rocks have been refined from X-ray data using least squares methods. The two structures are virtuallly identical both in structural parameters and relative degree of order. Occupation of Fe and Ti sites is highly ordered. The metal ions have low apparent charges (near 0.3) and formal oxidation states of Fe (II) and Ti (IV).  相似文献   

Vector magnetic fields in prominences     

Lewis L. House  Raymond N. Smartt 《Solar physics》1982,80(1):53-69

A preliminary discussion is presented of measurements of the polarization of the He i D₃ multiplet in a quiescent prominence, observed with a wavelength-scanning Stokes polarimeter. For a series of 43 observations in the same prominence, the linear polarization of the major component of D₃ lies primarily in the range 1 to 2% and of the wing component, the range 2 to 5%; the polarization vector angle lies primarily in the range 10–25° for the major component, and 25–35° for the other component. From a more limited data set, the polarization of both components is found to first increase as a function of height in the prominence, and then to decrease; the polarization angles of the major component vary in a random-like way with height, while the wing component shows a systematic change. The amount of polarization and the angle of polarization are governed by the Hanle effect. The collective effect of the group of lines at the peak of D₃ evidently has a different sensitivity to the Hanle effect than does the wing component, thus yielding at least four independent measurements - two polarizations and two angles. With some redundancy, the vector magnetic field can then be established using the detailed theory of the Hanle effect. Since the wing component of D₃ is a simple triplet, an initial estimate of the magnetic field strength and its horizontal orientation, 0, relative to the line of sight, is simply obtained. Examples of such calculations are presented.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under contract AST 78-17292 with the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

Did multiple sediment-associated stressors contribute to the 1999 lobster mass mortality event in Western Long Island Sound, USA?     

Raymond M. Valente  Carmela Cuomo 《Estuaries and Coasts》2005,28(4):529-540

Near-bottom hypoxia during summer months has been a documented recurring phenomenon for decades in western Long Island Sound (WLIS); this temperate estuary has also supported, until 1999, a substantial American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery. In response to a dramatic mass die-off of lobsters that began in WLIS in the late summer of 1999, a benthic habitat survey using a sediment-profile imaging (SPI) camera was conducted in October 1999. Follow-up surveys involving SPI and simultaneous measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO), hydrogen sulfide and ammonia within 10 cm of the bottom were conducted in August, September and November 2000. The SPI images revealed black sediments at or just below the sediment-water interface at a high proportion of stations in both 1999 and 2000, suggesting strongly reducing conditions and elevated levels of sulfides and other reduced end-products in sediment pore-water. Visual redox depths were relatively shallow (less than 2 cm) and spatially variable, and benthic communities appeared to be dominated by small, surface-dwelling opportunists. In August 2000, near-bottom DO concentrations < 2 mg I⁻¹ coincided with shallow redox depths at stations in the Western Narrows region. As DO levels increased from August to November 2000, visual redox depths remained shallow. Both sulfide and ammonia were detected in samples of bottom water taken within about 10 cm of the seafloor in all three 2000 surveys. The results suggest that anaerobic decomposition processes within the organic-rich sediments of WLIS strongly influence conditions at the sediment-water interface during late summer-early fall, the time of year that the lobster mortality event of 1999 began. Releases of reduced end-products (e.g., sulfide and ammonia) into overlying waters, combined with low DO levels and abnormally high water temperatures, represent multiple environmental stressors that may have physiologically weakened the lobsters and increased their susceptibility to deadly pathogens.  相似文献   

Carlin-type Gold Prospects in Surigao del Norte, Mindanao Island, Philippines: Their Geology and Mineralization Potential     

Victor B. Maglambayan    Sj Montes    Katherine Hipol    Maireen Mamitag    Rikki Pamela Pineda    Raymond Rodolfo    Noel Oliveros  Antonio Sy 《Resource Geology》2005,55(3):145-154

Abstract. Three calcareous sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin type-like gold prospects were mapped in a mineral production sharing agreement area of Philex Gold Philippines Inc. in Taganaan municipality, Surigao del Norte province in Mindanao island in the Philippines. They occur along a 20–25 km long trend of known epigenetic gold and porphyry copper deposits that lie close to several splays of the Philippine Fault Zone. The gold district forms part of the Late Cretaceous Eastern Mindanao Range that hosts early Paleogene and late Pliocene to Quaternary intrusive rocks.
Gold is invisible in the jasperoid outcrops in Lascogon, Napo, and Danao prospects. The jasperoids occur in lenses of marls belonging to the Taganaan Marl Member that is associated to a turbiditic member of the Middle Miocene Mabuhay Formation. The marl lenses include gently dipping interbedded silty limestones and calcareous shales. The "invisible gold" mineralization in silicified calcareous rocks resembles Carlin-type deposits. Based on the mapped igneous and sedimentary rocks, a possible heat source for the gold mineralization is either or both of the two main phases of intrusion, Mabuhay An-desite or Alipao Andesite Porphyry. Forty-eight rock samples, fifteen stream sediment samples, and one soil sample were critical in delineating the general features of the potential Carlin-type prospects. The gold grades of jasperoids in the three prospects range from trace amounts to 20 g/t Au. Regional studies of gold and porphyry copper mineralization in the Surigao del Norte mineral district are important in delineating ore targets for drilling in the three prospects.  相似文献   

被遗忘的三角洲--论淮河三角洲的形成与演化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

哈承祐朱锦旗  叶念军黄敬军  龚建师陆华 《地质通报》2005,24(12):1094-1106

导淮自桐柏，会于淮阴，东入海，是追索淮河三角洲形成的由来。公元1128-1885年史称夺准700年，古淮河入海水道为黄河泥沙堵塞，从此淮河改道经长江入海，遂使淮河三角洲不为人们提起。本文从区域地质构造入手，阐述淮河水系的发展、淮河三角洲的形成与区域第四纪海进、海退、成淡水演化过程，为正确认识淮河尾闾的发展演化提供科学依据，为振兴淮河三角洲，走高附加产值的大农业生态经济体系，构建与长江三角洲互补、互助、互利、互赢的可持续发展做出贡献。  相似文献   

2006年青海玉树地震类型和发震构造分析          下载免费PDF全文

都昌庭  李文巧  卢宁  哈辉  才扎西  达杰 《地震工程学报》2007,29(3):271-274

2006年7月18和19日在青海玉树相继发生了5.0、5.6和5.4级地震。本文通过玉树地震台记录的地震波形及青海省地震台网监测结果分析该地震事件属于震群型地震;通过现场考察及宏观烈度区、余震分布和震源机制解、区域构造分析认为发震构造为乌兰乌拉湖-玉树构造带。  相似文献   

Tumuli and associated features from the western Deccan Volcanic Province, India     

Raymond A. Duraiswami  Ninad R. Bondre  Gauri Dole  Vinit M. Phadnis  Vivek S. Kale 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2001,63(7):435-442

Whale-back-shaped uplifts called "tumuli" are common in the pahoehoe flows of the western Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP). Although they usually occur in hummocky flows, they are also associated with thicker sheet lobes. They have been subjected to a detailed morphometric and petrographic study for the first time. The tumuli are characterised by positive relief and "lava-inflation clefts" occupied by squeeze-ups. They display elongate as well as equant forms; some are constituted of a single flow lobe, whereas others display multiple flow lobes. Some tumuli appear to have developed along anastomosing tube systems. The detailed study of one of the tumuli reveals considerable petrographic and textural variations among the constituent flow units. Some of these, such as the enrichment of phenocrysts in squeeze-ups and breakouts, could be related to the emplacement dynamics of the tumulus. All the observed tumuli display much evidence of inflation or endogenous growth. Field observations and measurements reveal that the tumuli and associated pahoehoe features display a close similarity with their Hawaiian counterparts. This is a very significant observation since it points out to a similarity in nature and style of eruptions in Hawaii and at least in the western part of the DVP. This has an important bearing on determining the short, medium and long-term effusion rates in the Deccan; however, any concrete inference will have to await systematic volcanological studies of the lava features in the DVP.  相似文献   

The PCRaster Software and Course Materials for Teaching Numerical Modelling in the Environmental Sciences   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Derek Karssenberg  Peter A. Burrough  Raymond Sluiter  & Kor de Jong 《Transactions in GIS》2001,5(2):99-110

Teaching numerical modelling in the environmental sciences not only needs good software and course material but also an understanding of how to program the models in the computer. Conventional environmental modelling procedures require computer science and programming skills, which may detract from the important understanding of the environmental processes involved. An alternative strategy is to build a generic toolkit or modelling language that operates with concepts and operations that are familiar to the environmental scientist. PCRaster is such a spatio-temporal environmental modelling language developed at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. It is used for teaching modelling in classrooms and over the Web (distance learning) at three levels: (1) explaining environmental processes and models, where models with a fixed structure of model equations are evaluated by changing model parameters, (2) teaching model construction, where students learn to program spatial and temporal models with the language, and (3) teaching all phases of scientific modelling related to field research. So far, we have received positive responses to these courses, largely because the software provides a set of easily learned functions matching the conceptual thought processes of a geoscientist that can be used at all levels of teaching.  相似文献   

Estimates of New and Total Productivity in Central Long Island Sound from In Situ Measurements of Nitrate and Dissolved Oxygen     

James R. Collins  Peter A. Raymond  W. Frank Bohlen  Mary M. Howard-Strobel 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(1):74-97

Biogeochemical cycles in estuaries are regulated by a diverse set of physical and biological variables that operate over a variety of time scales. Using in situ optical sensors, we conducted a high-frequency time-series study of several biogeochemical parameters at a mooring in central Long Island Sound from May to August 2010. During this period, we documented well-defined diel cycles in nitrate concentration that were correlated to dissolved oxygen, wind stress, tidal mixing, and irradiance. By filtering the data to separate the nitrate time series into various signal components, we estimated the amount of variation that could be ascribed to each process. Primary production and surface wind stress explained 59 and 19 %, respectively, of the variation in nitrate concentrations. Less frequent physical forcings, including large-magnitude wind events and spring tides, served to decouple the relationship between oxygen, nitrate, and sunlight on about one quarter of study days. Daytime nitrate minima and dissolved oxygen maxima occurred nearly simultaneously on the majority (>80 %) of days during the study period; both were strongly correlated with the daily peak in irradiance. Nighttime nitrate maxima reflected a pattern in which surface-layer stocks were depleted each afternoon and recharged the following night. Changes in nitrate concentrations were used to generate daily estimates of new primary production (182?±?37 mg?C?m^?2?day^?1) and the f ratio (0.25), i.e., the ratio of production based on nitrate to total production. These estimates, the first of their kind in Long Island Sound, were compared to values of community respiration, primary productivity, and net ecosystem metabolism, which were derived from in situ measurements of oxygen concentration. Daily averages of the three metabolic parameters were 1,660?±?431, 2,080?±?419, and 429?±?203 mg?C?m^?2?day^?1, respectively. While the system remained weakly autotrophic over the duration of the study period, we observed very large day-to-day differences in the f ratio and in the various metabolic parameters.  相似文献