Grundlagen Einer Systematik Tektonischer Gefüge     

Doz. Dr. Rolf Hoeppener 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1960,50(1):77-83

Zusammenfassung Die Art der Deformation von Körpern wird im wesentlichen von den Kräften und den Reaktionen des Materials bestimmt. Da die von den äußeren Kräften im Körper erzeugten Beanspruchungen nur bestimmte Symmetrieeigenschaften haben und die Reaktionsarten des Materials begrenzt sind, ergibt sich aus der Kombination der beiden Faktorengruppen eine verhältnismäßig geringe Zahl von Gefügetypen, die sich nach der Symmetrie und den sie zusammensetzenden Gefügeelementen unterscheiden. Die Vielfalt der tektonischen Formen in der Natur ist auf die Inhomogenität des Materials und die wechselnde Beanspruchung ein und desselben Bereiches in der Zeit zurückzuführen.  相似文献   

Instrument intercomparison study on cloud droplet size distribution measurements: Holography vs. laser optical particle counter     

Stephan Borrmann  Ruprecht Jaenicke  Rolf Maser  Beate Arends 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):253-258

During the EUROTRAC Ground Based Cloud Experiment (GCE) 1990, a newly developed HODAR (Holographic Droplet and Acrosol Recording) was operated for the first time to measure cloud droplet size distributions by recording Fraunhofer in-line holograms of small cloud sample volumes in situ and analyzing the holographic images in the laboratory.This technical note compares the resulting size distributions with those obtained from two FSSP-100 laser optical particle counters. For all holograms analyzed during the GCE90 field experiment, the size distributions obtained from the two different methods agree well. Additionally, the liquid water contents (LWC) were measured directly by a Gerber particulate volume monitor PVM-100. The LWC calculated from the measured droplet size distributions deviate from the PVM-100 data.  相似文献   

Secondary Fe–Mn-oxides in minerals heavily damaged by α-recoil: possible implications for palaeomagnetism     

Rolf L. Romer  Norbert Nowaczyk  Richard Wirth 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(2):375-387

Sub-micron Fe,Mn-oxides in columbite–tantalite minerals are bound to metamict domains in the host. These nano-oxides are secondary minerals as the metamict zones formed through accumulation of damages from α-recoil, each of which in a small volume destroys the crystal lattice of the U and Th bearing columbite–tantalite host. Transmission electron microscope investigations demonstrate that the oxides fall in the compositional range of magnetite–jacobsite–iwakiite (Fe,Mn)₃O₄ and of hematite-type minerals along the Fe₂O₃–Mn₂O₃ join, i.e., minerals that are known to be major carriers of magnetic remanence. Measured magnetic properties of isolated columbite–tantalite crystals demonstrate in some samples magnetic remanence, which is bound to sub-micron pseudosingle-domain crystals rather than to the host. Thus, the magnetic remanence is not related to the formation of columbite–tantalite, but to the crystallization of the nano-oxides, which occur in metamict domains of the host and therefore are secondary. Depending on the content and distribution of U and Th, the nano-oxides may form diachronously within an individual and among several host crystals. Magnetic secondary nano-oxides are not restricted to columbite–tantalite minerals, but may occur in other minerals where high contents of Fe and Mn are associated with high contents of U and Th. Rocks that show the same spatial distribution for U and Fe, as for instance some red sandstones, may display magnetic properties that are controlled by recoil-induced growth of secondary Fe-oxides.

Rolf L. RomerEmail:

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Sweden and the Baltic Sea pipeline: Between ecology and economy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rolf Lidskog  Ingemar Elander 《Marine Policy》2012,36(2):333-338

Building a submarine pipeline in the Baltic Sea to transport natural gas from Russia to Germany contradicts targets to reduce fossil fuel dependency and seems to ignore a long history of environmental challenges in the area. This article examines the tensions between the environmental, economic, and national security arguments framing the Swedish government decision to allow the pipeline to be laid on the Baltic seabed passing through the Swedish economic zone. At first sight, the decision seems to run contrary to Sweden's ambitious environmental policy. However, by framing the issue within a broader understanding of the country's tradition of consensual decision-making, and considering the tensions and contradictions inherent in policies for sustainable development, the permission fits well with the logic that, in case of conflict, economic growth is given priority even when the environment is at stake.  相似文献   

Improved Constraints on Models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Review of the Contribution of Ground-Based Geodetic Observations     

Matt A. King  Zuheir Altamimi  Johannes Boehm  Machiel Bos  Rolf Dach  Pedro Elosegui  François Fund  Manuel Hernández-Pajares  David Lavallee  Paulo Jorge Mendes Cerveira  Nigel Penna  Riccardo E. M. Riva  Peter Steigenberger  Tonie van Dam  Luca Vittuari  Simon Williams  Pascal Willis 《Surveys in Geophysics》2010,31(5):465-507

The provision of accurate models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) is presently a priority need in climate studies, largely due to the potential of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to be used to determine accurate and continent-wide assessments of ice mass change and hydrology. However, modelled GIA is uncertain due to insufficient constraints on our knowledge of past glacial changes and to large simplifications in the underlying Earth models. Consequently, we show differences between models that exceed several mm/year in terms of surface displacement for the two major ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctica. Geodetic measurements of surface displacement offer the potential for new constraints to be made on GIA models, especially when they are used to improve structural features of the Earth’s interior as to allow for a more realistic reconstruction of the glaciation history. We present the distribution of presently available campaign and continuous geodetic measurements in Greenland and Antarctica and summarise surface velocities published to date, showing substantial disagreement between techniques and GIA models alike. We review the current state-of-the-art in ground-based geodesy (GPS, VLBI, DORIS, SLR) in determining accurate and precise surface velocities. In particular, we focus on known areas of need in GPS observation level models and the terrestrial reference frame in order to advance geodetic observation precision/accuracy toward 0.1 mm/year and therefore further constrain models of GIA and subsequent present-day ice mass change estimates.  相似文献   

Development of a laboratory exposure system using marine fish to carry out realistic effect studies with produced water discharged from offshore oil production     

Rolf C. Sundt  Sonnich Meier  Grete Jonsson  Steinar Sanni  Jonny Beyer   《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(9):1382-1388

A biotest system for environmentally realistic exposure of fish to produced water (PW) was developed and tested. Authentic PW was collected at an oil production platform in the North Sea and preserved by freezing in multiple aliquots a 25 L. After transport to the test laboratory onshore, daily PW aliquots were thawed, homogenised and administered to the test fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), in two diluted exposure concentrations, 0.1% and 0.5%, during a 15 d period, using a continuous flow-through exposure setup. Positive control groups were exposed to two crude oil treatments for comparison. Chemical analyses showed that alkylphenol (AP) and PAH concentrations in PW exposure waters were very low. Observations of significantly increased AP and PAH metabolite levels in PW exposed fish demonstrated the suitability of the biotest system for its use in biological exposure/effect studies of PW, and it also demonstrated the sensitivity of bile metabolites as PW exposure markers in fish. The relevance of the biotest system for PW effect studies and for validating modelled environmental risk estimates of PW dischargers from offshore oil production is discussed.  相似文献   

Ionization of the earth’s atmosphere by solar and galactic cosmic rays   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ilya G. Usoskin  Laurent Desorgher  Peter Velinov  Marisa Storini  Erwin O. Flückiger  Rolf Bütikofer  Gennady A. Kovaltsov 《Acta Geophysica》2009,57(1):88-101

A brief review of the research of atmospheric effects of cosmic rays is presented. Numerical models are discussed, that are capable to compute the cosmic ray induced ionization at a given location and time. Intercomparison of the models, as well as comparison with fragmentary direct measurements of the atmospheric ionization, validates their applicability for the entire atmosphere and the whole range of the solar activity level variations. The effect of sporadic solar energetic particle events is shown to be limited on the global scale, even for the most severe event, but can be very strong locally in polar regions, affecting the physical-chemical properties of the upper atmosphere, especially at high altitudes. Thus, a new methodology is presented to study cosmic ray induced ionization of the atmosphere in full detail using realistic numerical models calibrated to direct observations.  相似文献   

Active Galactic Nuclei     

Martin Haas  Peter Biermann  Rolf Chini  Jochen Heidt  Wolfram Kollatschny  Helmut Meusinger  Ralf Siebenmorgen 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2005,326(7):535-558

D01 Direct evidence of the receding ‘torus’ around active galactic nuclei of FRII radio galaxies and quasars D02 Infrared emission from a clumpy and dusty torus around AGN D03 Size and properties of AGN narrow–line regions from emission–line diagnostics D04 Structural Variability of Intraday Variable Sources D05 Stability of self‐gravitating accretion disks in galactic centers D06 Supermassive Binary Black Holes in AGN D07 The extreme flare in III Zw 2: Evolution of a radio jet in a Seyfert galaxy D08 Radio Linear and Circular Polarization from M81* D09 A fundamental relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Dark Matter Haloes D10 Hunting for radio‐quiet BL Lacs – the 2dF BL Lac survey D11 The Eddington limit in accretion discs D12 Molecular Tori in AGN: A search using excited states of OH D13 The X‐Ray Properties of Radio‐Loud Core‐Dominated AGN: The 2 cm‐X‐Sample D14 The X‐Ray Properties of Radio‐Loud Core‐Dominated AGN: Extension to the High Redshift Regime D15 Line Profile Variability in AGN D16 Jet Superwind Interaction D17 Radio Interferometric Observations of AGN – Probing the Nucleus of M87 with 20 Schwarzschild radii resolution D18 The ISO–2MASS AGN survey D19 Supermassive binary black holes driving the activity of galactic nuclei D20 Proton acceleration at quasi‐perpendicular shocks: A case study for Active Galactic Nuclei D21 Super‐luminal shocks in Active Galactic Nuclei D22 Unconventional quasars from the variability and proper motion survey D23 Radio observations of starburst and AGN activity in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies D24 Kinematics in Active Galactic Nuclei at Parsec Scales: the VLBA 2cm Survey D25 Three‐dimensional models of clumpy tori in Seyfert galaxies D26 Silicate emission in active galaxies ‐ From LINERs to QSOs D27 Discovery of 10 µm silicate emission in quasars. – Evidence of the AGN unification scheme. D28 Near‐IR adaptive optics imaging of luminous infrared galaxies D29 Interferometric observations of the Circinus galaxy with MIDI D30 Infrared Interferometry of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068  相似文献   

Vague Spatio‐Thematic Query Processing: A Qualitative Approach to Spatial Closeness     

Rolf Grütter  Thomas Scharrenbach  Bettina Waldvogel 《Transactions in GIS》2010,14(2):97-109

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Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic characteristics of intact magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense     

Hkon Fischer  Giovanni Mastrogiacomo  Jrg F. Lffler  Rolf J. Warthmann  Peter G. Weidler  Andreas U. Gehring 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,270(3-4):200-208

The magnetic characteristics of intact magnetosome chains in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense bacteria were investigated by means of static and dynamic magnetic analyses and ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nano-sized magnetosomes are generally in a stable single-domain state, but magnetosomes smaller than 30 nm characteristic of superparamagnetic magnetite particles were also found. Alternating current (AC) susceptibility indicates that all magnetosomes are blocked below 150 K. At room temperature the anisotropy of M. gryphiswaldense is dominated by the shape of the magnetosome chains. Low-temperature ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy indicates that this dominant shape anisotropy can affect the detection of the Verwey transition at 100 K. The static and dynamic magnetic analyses show that the Verwey transition is smeared and that our magnetotactic bacteria fail the Moskowitz test. This failure is explained by the biomineralization of non-stoichiometric magnetosomes. This interpretation is based on the increase in high-field susceptibility and the distinct peak in the out-of-phase component of the AC susceptibility below 50 K. These results are attributed to freezing of spins associated with defect structures in the core and at the surface of nano-sized magnetosomes. The results obtained from M. gryphiswaldense demonstrate that intrinsic properties of nano-sized magnetosomes are significantly influenced by non-stoichiometry and by the anisotropy excited from their arrangement in the bacteria.  相似文献