在花岗岩中沿小断层和简单走滑断层带的破裂和走滑机制     

Mart.  SJ 候康明 《地震译文集》1991,(1):25-35

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Assessing the suitability of OSPAR EcoQOs for eutrophication vs ICES criteria for England and Wales     

Painting SJ  Devlin MJ  Rogers SI  Mills DK  Parker ER  Rees HL 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(12):1569-1584

This paper provides a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of OSPAR Ecological Quality objectives for eutrophication for coastal and offshore waters of England and Wales on the basis of ICES criteria. In principle, EcoQOs are easy to understand, but responses to nutrient enrichment are complex. Few studies provide unequivocal evidence of links between inputs and response. Monitoring is generally feasible and in place, but needs to be improved. The best EcoQO is winter nutrient concentrations. Chlorophyll concentrations are a good indicator in environments susceptible to nutrient enrichment. The EcoQO for zoobenthos/fish kills potentially meets all criteria for a good indicator; EcoQOs for phytoplankton indicator species, oxygen concentrations and zoobenthos changes do not. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on seasonal effects of nutrient inputs and phytoplankton response, natural susceptibility of different water bodies, differences between coastal and offshore environments, and developing longer time series of data.  相似文献   

Measurement of Charge Exchange and X-Ray Emission Cross Sections for Solar Wind-Comet Interactions     

Greenwood JB  Williams ID  Smith SJ  Chutjian A 《The Astrophysical journal》2000,533(2):L175-L178

X-ray emission from a comet was observed for the first time in 1996. One of the mechanisms believed to be contributing to this surprisingly strong emission is the interaction of highly charged solar wind ions with cometary gases. Reported herein are total absolute charge-exchange and normalized line-emission (X-ray) cross sections for collisions of high-charge state (+3 to +10) C, N, O, and Ne ions with the cometary species H2O and CO2. It is found that in several cases the double charge-exchange cross sections can be large, and in the case of C3+ they are equal to those for single charge exchange. Present results are compared to cross section values used in recent comet models. The importance of applying accurate cross sections, including double charge exchange, to obtain absolute line-emission intensities is emphasized.  相似文献   

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in riverine and estuarine sediments of the Pearl River Delta in southern China, with emphasis on spatial variability in diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific distribution of HBCD   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Feng AH  Chen SJ  Chen MY  He MJ  Luo XJ  Mai BX 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(5):919-925

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in surface sediments in the Pearl River Delta, southern China. The concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 304 ng/g dry weight for TBBPA and from 0.03 to 31.6 ng/g for total HBCD. The correlations between the TBBPA and HBCD concentrations were significant in rivers (Dongjiang, Zhujiang, Beijiang, and Dayanhe Rivers) with local input sources but not significant in the Xijiang River and Pearl River Estuary without local sources. HBCD was dominated by γ-HBCD (averaged 52.5-75.0%), whereas α-HBCD contributions were relatively high in sediments from the urban areas. The enantiomeric fractions of γ-HBCD in the sediments (averaged from 0.431 ± 0.035 to 0.479 ± 0.010) differed significantly from that in HBCD technical product except for samples from the e-waste area (Dayanhe River, 0.488 ± 0.091). This suggests that enantioselective biotransformation of HBCD occurs in the aquatic environment in this region.  相似文献   

Geochemical tracers to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on river salinization     

Moore SJ  Bassett RL  Liu B  Wolf CP  Doremus D 《Ground water》2008,46(3):489-501

The salinization of rivers, as indicated by salinity increases in the downstream direction, is characteristic of arid and semiarid regions throughout the world. Historically, salinity increases have been attributed to various mechanisms, including (1) evaporation and concentration during reservoir storage, irrigation, and subsequent reuse; (2) displacement of shallow saline ground water during irrigation; (3) erosion and dissolution of natural deposits; and/or (4) inflow of deep saline and/or geothermal ground water (ground water with elevated water temperature). In this study, investigation of salinity issues focused on identification of relative salinity contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources in the Lower Rio Grande in the New Mexico-Texas border region. Based on the conceptual model of the system, the various sources of water and, therefore, salinity to the Lower Rio Grande were identified, and a sampling plan was designed to characterize these sources. Analysis results for boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta(2)H), and strontium ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) isotopes, as well as basic chemical data, confirmed the hypothesis that the dominant salinity contributions are from deep ground water inflow to the Rio Grande. The stable isotopic ratios identified the deep ground water inflow as distinctive, with characteristic isotopic signatures. These analyses indicate that it is not possible to reproduce the observed salinization by evapotranspiration and agricultural processes alone. This investigation further confirms that proper application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers can be used to identify and constrain multiple sources of solutes in complex river systems.  相似文献   

PAHs contamination and bacterial communities in mangrove surface sediments of the Jiulong River Estuary, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Tian Y  Liu HJ  Zheng TL  Kwon KK  Kim SJ  Yan CL 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):707-715

Sixteen sediment samples collected from eight transects in a mangrove swamp of the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China were investigated for their content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biodegradation potential of the indigenous microorganisms. The bacterial community structures in the mangrove sediments and in enrichment cultures were also investigated. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration of mangrove sediments ranged from 280 to 1074 ng g(-1) dry weight, that the PAHs composition pattern in the mangrove sediments was dominated by high molecular weight PAH components (4-6 rings), and that Benzo[ghi]perylene and Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were the most dominant at different stations. Abundant PAH-degrading bacteria were found in all the stations, the values of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.85 x 10(4) to 7.80 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight, fluoranthene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 x 10(4) to 5.79 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight, pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 3.10 x 10(4) to 6.97 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight and the benzo(a)pyrene-degrading bacteria ranged from 5.25 x 10(4) to 7.26 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) dry weight. DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments confirmed that there was a remarkable shift in the composition of the bacterial community due to the addition of the different model PAH compound phenanthrene (three ring PAH), fluoranthene(four ring PAH), pyrene(four ring PAH) and benzo(a)pyrene(five ring PAH) during enrichment batch culture. Eleven strains were obtained with different morphology and different degradation ability. The presence of common bands for microbial species in the cultures and in the native mangrove sediment DNA indicated that these strains could be potential in situ PAH-degraders.  相似文献   

Toxicogenomic analysis of immune system-related genes in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) exposed to heavy oil     

Nakayama K  Kitamura S  Murakami Y  Song JY  Jung SJ  Oh MJ  Iwata H  Tanabe S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):445-452

Heavy oil contamination is one of the most important environmental issues. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including immune toxicities, are well characterized, however, the immune toxic effects of heavy oil, as a complex mixture of PAHs, have not been investigated. In the present study, we selected Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) as a model organism, and observed alteration of immune function by the exposure to heavy oil. To analyze the expression profiles of immune system-related genes, we selected 309 cDNAs from our flounder EST library, and spotted them on a glass slide. Using this cDNA array, alteration of gene expression profiles was analyzed in the kidneys of flounders exposed to heavy oil. Six Japanese flounders (mean body weight: 197 g) were acclimated to laboratory conditions at 19-20 degrees C. Three fish were exposed to heavy oil C (bunker C) at a concentration of 3.8 g/L for 3 days, and the others were kept in seawater without heavy oil and used as the control. After the exposure period, the fish were transferred into control seawater and maintained for 4 days, and then they were dissected and their kidneys were removed. Total RNA was extracted from the kidney samples to use in gene expression analyses. The microarray detected alteration of immune system-related genes in the kidneys of heavy oil-exposed flounders, including down-regulation of immunoglobulin light chain, CD45, major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and macrophage colony-stimulating factor precursor, and up-regulation of interleukin-8 and lysozyme. These results suggest that pathogen resistance may be weakened in heavy oil-exposed fish, causing a subsequent bacterial infection, and then proinflammatory genes may be induced as a defensive response against the infection. Additionally, we found candidate genes for use as biomarkers of heavy oil exposure, such as N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 and heat shock cognate 71 kDa proteins.  相似文献   

南加州地震中心（SCEC）1996年度报告要点     

杨智娴  崔秋文 《地震科技情报》1997,(10):13-21

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面波震级与体波震级、地方震震级间的经验关系及不确定性评价.     

杨智娴  张培震 《地震学报》1998,20(5):454-460

利用中国大陆、台湾和中国周边3个地理区域内实测的IASPEI面波震级MS、古登堡体波震级mb和地方震震级ML,建立了MS与mb、MS与ML之间的经验关系,那就是MS=0.9884mb－0.0420和MS=0.9919ML－0.1773．MS与mb的关系由292次(964~1996年)大陆地震、291次(1964~1995年)台湾地震和170次中国周边地震,共计753次事件的震级数据求得,其标准偏差为0.445．MS与ML的关系由36次大陆地震、293次台湾地震和212次周边地震,总计541次事件的震级数据求得,其标准偏差为0.4673． 利用余累积分布函数的概念和方法,对不同震级区间拟合的面波震级值评价其不确定性．MS-mb关系中,取震级的不确定范围为0.25级,在mb位于4.0～4.9级时,MS取值小于(MS－0.25)和大于(MS+0.25)的概率分别为17%和27%;位于5.0～5.9级时,相应概率为34%和20%;而位于6.0～6.9级时,相应的概率为11%～47%．MS-ML关系中,如仍取不确定性范围为0.25,则MS取值小于(MS－0.25)和大于(MS+0.25)的概率,在ML位于4.0～4.9级时为22%和38%;ML位于5.0～5.9级时,相应的概率为20%和15%;ML位于6.0～6.9级时,相应概率为15%和29%． 本研究建立的经验关系可以方便地用于不同标度震级间的归算,而文中的不确定性评价则更客观地反映了原始数据中本来存在的离散性差别,并可以一定概率水平评价这些归算的不确定性,这比通常的剩余标准差给出的不确定性范围更精细,给出的相应概率水准也更便于与地震危险性总体评定的不确定性校正接轨．   相似文献   

Avoidance response of sediment living amphipods to zinc pyrithione as a measure of sediment toxicity     

Eriksson Wiklund AK  Börjesson T  Wiklund SJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,52(1):96-99

An avoidance test was developed using non-cultured individuals of the sediment dwelling amphipod Monoporeia affinis. As test substance we used zinc pyrithione, an antifouling agent and a common shampoo ingredient. The toxicity to Daphnia and fish is well known but sediment toxicity of this very hydrophobic compound is less known. The preference of juvenile M. affinis was tested in jars, each including 12 petri dishes. In each replicate, half of the petri dishes contained sediment mixed with six concentrations ranging from 0 to 10microg zinc pyrithione per L sediment and half of the petri dishes contained the corresponding sediment-substance mixture plus an extra food addition. The amphipods significantly avoided petri dishes with the three highest concentrations of zinc pyrithione and the calculated EC(50) was 9.65microgL(-1) sediment. No difference in mortality was observed between concentrations. Using the avoidance behaviour in sediment toxicity testing is a simple and cost-effective screening for toxicants.  相似文献