RESPONSE OF A TEMPERATE ALPINE VALLEY GLACIER TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE DECADAL SCALE          下载免费PDF全文

CHRYSTELLE GABBUD  NATAN MICHELETTI  STUART N. LANE 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(1):81-95

Glacier advance and recession are considered key indicators of climate change. Understanding the relationship between climatic variations and glacial responses is crucial. Here, we apply archival digital photogrammetry to reconstruct the decadal scale glacial history of an unmonitored Alpine valley glacier, the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, and we use the data generated to explore the linkages between glacier recession and climate forcing. High precision digital elevation models were derived. They show continual recession of the glacier since 1967, associated with long‐term climatic amelioration but only a weak reaction to shorter‐term climatic deterioration. Glacier surface velocity estimates obtained using surface particle tracking showed that, unlike for most Swiss glaciers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, ice mass flux from the accumulation zone was too low to compensate for the effects of glacier thinning and subsequent snout recession, especially during the rapid warming that occurred through the 1980s. The results emphasise the dangers of inferring glacier response to climate forcing from measurements of the terminus position only and the importance of using remote sensing methods as an alternative, especially where historical imagery is available.  相似文献   

WATER QUALITY AND ITS CONTROL edited by M. Hino,A. A. Balkema,Rotterdam, 1994, No. of pages: ix + 262. Price: £72.00 (hb). ISBN 90-5410-123-7.     

STUART LANE 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(6):584-585

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ANISOTROPY AND TRANSVERSE ISOTROPY*     

S. CRAMPIN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1986,34(1):94-99

A number of authors in the exploration literature have written about anisotropy, but have restricted their discussions to wave propagation through rock having transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis. This note shows that there are fundamental differences between transverse isotropy when the symmetry axis is vertical (normal to the free surface) and more general anisotropy with an azimuthal variation of properties. These differences are important now that effective azimuthal shear-wave anisotropy resulting from aligned cracks and pores is becoming recognized as a significant property of crustal rocks.  相似文献   

Laboratory sustained turbidity currents form elongate ridges at channel mouths     

JAN ALEXANDER  STUART J. MCLELLAND†  THOMAS E. GRAY  CHRIS E. VINCENT  MIKE R. LEEDER  SUSANNA ELLETT 《Sedimentology》2008,55(4):845-868

The turbulent flow structure, suspended sediment dynamics and deposits of experimental sustained turbidity currents exiting a channel across a break in slope into a wide tank are documented. The data shed light on the flow evolution and deposit geometry of analogous natural channel‐fed submarine fans. Flows generated in a 0·3 m wide, sloping (0°, 6°, 9° or 20°) channel crossed an angular slope break and spread onto a horizontal tank floor. Flow development comprised: (i) channelized phase (unsteady channel flow developing into steady channel flow); (ii) initial lateral expansion phase (unsteady‐spreading wall jet phase); (iii) constant lateral expansion phase (steady‐spreading wall jet phase); and (iv) rapid waning phase. Phases (i) and (iv) are similar to laterally constrained turbidity currents, but phases (ii) and (iii) are considerably different from such two‐dimensional currents. Steeper channel slopes produced greater flow velocities and turbulence intensities, but these effects diminished markedly with distance from the channel mouth. Flow velocity vectors in the tank had similar patterns for all channel slopes, with a central core of faster velocity and narrow vector dispersion and slower flow with larger dispersion at the jet margins. Suspended sediment concentrations were higher within flow heads and dense basal layers in flow bodies. Time‐averaged acoustic backscatter data showed vertical concentration gradients, confirmed by siphon samples. The deposits comprised a thick central ridge, of similar order width to the channel mouth, with abrupt margins and a surrounding, very thin, fan‐like sheet. The ridge was coarser grained and better sorted than the original sediment, with grain‐size fining downstream, particularly over the fan‐like sheet. The formation of a central ridge suggests that, in the tank, vertical turbulent momentum exchange is more significant for sediment dynamics than spanwise momentum exchange due to lateral expansion. The streamwise elongate geometry of the ridge contrasts with conventional fan‐like geometry found with surge‐type turbidity flows, a result that has widespread stratigraphic and economic implications.  相似文献   

Assessment of the Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon Microwave Radiometer Performance Using GPS from Offshore Sites in the North Sea     

STUART EDWARDS  PHILIP MOORE  MATT KING 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3-4):717-727

The accuracy and drift of atmospheric path delay due to water vapor as derived from satellite microwave radiometers (MWR) is vital to altimetric measures of sea-level change. In this study a continuous time series of dual frequency GPS data from a number of offshore sites is used to examine the long term stability of the TOPEX/Poseidon radiometer and investigate initial performance of that of Jason-1. The location offshore eliminates the problems associated with land based/coastal locations where extrapolation of the GPS tropospheric correction to subsatellite points offshore are required to avoid background surface heat emissions contaminating the MWR delay measurement.  相似文献