The cumulative effect of accidental spills from oil and gas extraction in the marine environment can have significant impacts on marine wildlife. Oil and gas operators are typically required to report spill data as part of a regulatory process. We conducted a survey of the public disclosure of hydrocarbon spill data for four countries, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States. There was significant variation in the spill data statistics that were publicly reported by the regulators. No country provided full disclosure of spill data or follow-up actions taken by the regulator on their website. The lack of disclosure of spill data is of concern because the scale of environmental effects is more difficult to assess, insufficient information is available to assess the accuracy of predictions made in the environmental assessment process, and without consistency of spill reporting there is no method to compare regional differences of spill rates. 相似文献
In this work, the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) technique is utilized to analyze the surface chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) which was collected from various locations at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The main elements found on the surface of PM are carbon (C), oxygen (O) and silicon (Si) with combined percentage of 89.4–94.9 while traces of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mg), and sulfur (S) were also present. The analyzed XPS chemical state of C, O and Si was further used to determine their bonding with other elements occurring over the surface of PM. Carbon was found in the form of carbides (18.86%), fluorides (2.39%) and carbonates (78.75%); oxygen was observed as oxides (21.05%) and hydroxides (73.42%) of other metals; and silicon was detected as silicones (12.16%), nitrides (82.53%) and silicates (5.25%). The particle size of a PM is also of great concern for health issues, and thus has been investigated by the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was employed for cross verification of detected elements by XPS. 相似文献
The hypothesis that abnormal fluid pressure is generated in basins under tectonic compression is tested. The study site, between the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT) in northwest Pakistan, is experiencing a tectonic compression of 90 MPa. The Peshawar basin is a broad, oval depression comprising a thick sequence of lacustrine, deltaic and fluvial sediments overlain by loess and alluvial deposits dated at 2.8–0.6 Ma. It is surrounded by the Precambrian and Tertiary intrusive and metamorphic rocks on the north and sedimentary rocks of Paleogene and Neogene to the south. The basin was divided into four hydrostratigraphic units for numerical simulations using the three-dimensional finite-element model FEMWATER within groundwater modeling system (GMS) ver. 5.1. Simulated pressure head data have been compared with the field measurements of hydraulic heads. Transient simulations indicate that topography alone is not sufficient to induce the pressure heads observed in the field, generating consistently positive residuals 0.98–2.90 m over the topography-driven flow. The residuals disappeared after inclusion of the elastic properties of the four hydrostratigraphic units in the model, suggesting the effect of tectonic compression. 相似文献
A simple thermal model is developed to evaluate the heat exchange surface area of a hot dry rock geothermal reservoir. This
model, in conjunction with the Rn model of Andrews and coworkers, is applied to RH12/RH15 system of the British HDR reservoir.
Results suggest that although the estimated Rn transfer surface area represents the actual swept surface area, it is between
25 and 45 times larger than the heat transfer surface area. The difference is explained as due to clustering of several fractures
within a range of thermal interaction, over the duration of the circulation. It is also shown that the decline in the measured
temperatures of circulation fluids since 1985 to the present is consistent with the heat exchange surface area going through
a maximum in 1987. 相似文献
Ortho- and para-amphibolites occur throughout the Dharwar schists, gneisses and ultramafics in Karnataka State, India. From the chemical data alone, these ortho- and para-amphibolites cannot be very clearly differentiated. While the ortho-amphibolites follow the Karroo trend, the para-amphibolites appear to have been evolved from the metamorphism of low-Si and -K graywackes. The amphibolitic xenoliths occurring in Peninsular gneisses follow both the igneous and graywacke field, indicating that probably both para and ortho types constitute these enclaves. Their trace element concentrations, like those of Ni, Co and Cr, are not related to the Mg and Fe contents of the amphibolites. Probably these amphibolites have been derived from basic rocks, which were predominant over the Archaean crust, either directly or after having gone through a sedimentary cycle. The higher concentration of Ni, Co, Cr and other elements, such as Mg, in these amphibolites, as compared with younger oceanic basalts, thus indicates the higher concentration of these elements in Archaean basalts and the proto-mantle. 相似文献
Flood relief and rescue form an important basis of disaster management, and the assessment of flood damage is a critical component of flood risk management. In its recent history, Kashmir Valley witnessed the floods in 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, and 2021, but the worst flood in the living memory of the people was witnessed in the year 2014, which created widespread loss in economic and societal aspects. The present study discusses the spatial dimension of impact, relief, and rescue of the flood of 2014 in the Kashmir Valley. It analyses the distribution of relief and politics of relief and rescue and highlights the role of the communitarianism and the heroics of the community members in dealing with floods. The study provides the data of relief distribution under different government schemes and reveals that the relief was not distributed equally in various districts of the valley. The study relies on primary and secondary sources of data. Ethnographic approach was used for acquiring primary data because it provides the complex narratives of disasters and the political and social rupture experienced during the disasters. The data have been analysed with the help of Geographic Information System.
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Peat is a problematic or weak soil derived from fossilized organic material. The characteristics of peat like low shear strength (3–16 kPa),... 相似文献